Summary
The effect of exogenously fed hormones on hairy root cultures of Cichorium intybus L. ev. Lucknow Local was studied. It was seen that auxin in the presence of low levels of kinetin induces rapid disorganization in hairy root cultures of C. intybus, ultimately to form suspension cultures, and this process was associated with the decrease in coumarin content in the cells. Of various treatments, it was observed that with an increase in the auxin: cytokinin ratio, the biomass decreased with the increase in disorganization index during the culture period of 28 d. The disorganization index was less when the inoculum size was enhanced to 10-fold. The total endogenous indole-3-acetic acid titers and indole-3-acetic acid oxidase activity also decreased with an increase in disorganization index, and was independent of initial inoculum size, with only a magnitude difference. The total coumarin content strictly correlated with growth in all the treatments. In contrast, exogenously supplied gibberellic acid at the 0.5 mg l−1 level enhanced growth, coumarin content, and branching patterns over the control and other treatments on day 28. The exogenously fed growth regulators had an effect on growth, auxin and coumarin biosyntheses, wherein transformed roots treated with increasing concentration of auxin to cytokinin ratios lost their ability for coumarin biosynthesis. The behavior of hairy roots from an Indian cultivar of chicory upon growth regulator treatment is discussed in terms of growth, coumarin and auxin biosyntheses.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aird, E. L. H. A study of the relationship between organization, genetic stability, and secondary metabolite production of plant cell and organ cultures. PhD thesis, University of East Anglia; 1988.
Aird, E. L. H.; Hamill, J. D.; Robins, R. J.; Rhodes, M. J. C. A study of the relationship between organization, genetic stability and secondary metabolite production and the properties of variant lines of Nicotiana rustica hairy roots. In: Robins, R. J.; Rhodes, M. J. C., eds. Manipulating secondary metabolism in culture. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press; 1989; 13–144;
Bais, H. P. Studies on growth of hairy root cultures of Cichorium intybus, L. and production of phytochemicals. PhD thesis, University of Mysore, Mysore, India; 2000.
Bais, H. P.; George, J.; Ravishankar, G. A. Influence of polyamines on growth and production of coumarins in hairy root cultures of Cichorium intybus L ev. Lucknow local. J. Plant Growth Regul. 18:33–37; 1999a
Bais, H. P.; Sudha, G.; Ravishankar, G. A. Putrescine influences growth and production of coumarins in hairy root cultures of Cichorium intybus L ev. Lucknow local. J. Plant Growth Regul. 18:159–165; 1999b
Bryant, S. D.; Lane, F. E. Indole-3-acetic acid oxidase from peas. I: Occurrence and distribution of peroxidative and nonperoxidative forms. Plant Physiol. 63:696–699; 1979.
Chilton, M. D.; Tepfer, D.; Petit, A.; Casse-Delbart, F.; Tempé, J. Agrobacterium rhizogenes inserts T-DNA into the genome of host plant root cells. Nature 29:432–434; 1982.
Croes, A. F.; van den Berg A. J. R.; Bosveld, M.; Bosveld, M.; Bretler, H.; Wullems, G. J. Thiophene accumulation in relation to morphology in roots of Tagetes patala. Effects of auxins and transformation by Agrobacterium. Planta 179:43–50; 1989.
De Cleene, M.; De Ley, J. The host range of infectious hairy roots. Bot. Rev. 47:147–194; 1981.
Dixon, M. A. A tomogram for ammonium sulphate solutions. Biochem. J. 54:457; 1953.
Epstein, E.; Nissen, S. J.; Sutter, E. G. Indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid in tissues of carrot inoculated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. J. Plant Growth Regul. 10:97–100; 1991.
Ernsten, A.; Sandberg, G.; Lundström, K. Identification of oxindole-3-acetic acid, and metabolic conversion of indole-3-acetic acid to oxindole-3-acetic acid in Pinus sylvestris seeds. Planta 172:47–52; 1987.
Falasca, G.; Reverberi, M.; Lauri, P.; Caboni, E.; Ded Stradis, A.; Altamura, M. M. How Agrobacterium rhizogenes triggers de novo root formation in a recalcitrant woody plant: an integrated histological, ultra structural and molecular analysis. New Phytol. 145:77–93; 2000.
Filetici, P.; Spano, L.; Constantino, P. Conserved regions of T-DNA in different Agrobacterium rhizogenesis root-inducing plasmids. Plant Mol. Biol. 9:19–26; 1987.
George, J.; Bais, H. P.; Ravishankar, G. A. Formation of esculin in hairy root cultures of chicory (Chichorium intybus L. ev. Lucknow Local). Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 37:269–273; 1999.
Hwang, B.; Cho, D. Y.; Hong, S. S. Physiological studies on the formation of hairy root by the Agrobacterium rhizogenes I. Relationships between IAA content and morphological characteristics in carrot infected by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Korean J. Bot. 29:275–283; 1986.
Kamada, H.; Ohkawa, H.; Harada, H.; Shimomura, K. Effects of GA3 on growth and alkaloid production by hairy roots of Datura innoxia. Proceedings of Joint Meeting of Plant Growth Regulator Society of America and Japanese Society for the Chemical Regulation of Plants; 1989; 227–232.
Lagrimini, L. M. Peroxidase, IAA oxidase and auxin metabolism in transformed tobacco plants (abstract no. 497). Plant Physiol. 96:8–77; 1991.
Nilsson, O.; Crozier, A.; Schmülling, T.; Sandberg, G.; Olssen, O. Indole-3-acetic acid homcostasis in transgenic tobacco plants expressing the Agrobacterium rhizogenes rol B gene. Plant J. 3:681–689; 1993.
Normanly, J.; Slovin, J. P.; Cohen, J. D. Rethinking auxin biosynthesis and metabolism. Plant Physiol. 107:323–329; 1995.
Ohkawa, H.; Kamada, H.; Suodo, H.; Harada, H. Effects of GA3 on hairy root growth in Datura innoxia. J. Plant Physiol. 134:633–636; 1989.
Perley, J. E.; Stowe, B. B. An improvement in the sensitivity of the Salkowski reagent for tryptamine, tryptophan and indoleacetic acid. Physiol. Plant. 23:841–849; 1966.
Rhodes, M. J. C.; Parr, A. J.; Giuletti, A.; Aird, E. L. H. Influence of exogenous hormones on the growth and secondary metabolite formation in transformed root cultures. Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult. 38:143–151; 1994.
Rhodes, M. J. C.; Robins, R. J.; Hamill, J. D.; Parr, A. J.; Hilton, M. G.; Walton, N. J. Properties of transformed root cultures. In: Charlwood, B. V.; Rhodes, M. J. C., eds. Secondary products from plant tissue culture; 1990; 201–225
Robins, M. P.; Hartnoll, J.; Morris, P. Phenylpropanoid defense responses in transgenic Lotus corniculatus. I. Glutathione elicitation of isoflavan phytoaxlexin in transformed root cultures. Plant Cell Rep. 10:59–62; 1991.
Ryder, M. H.; Tate, M. E.; Kerr, A. Virulence properties of strains of Agrobacterium on the apical and basal surfaces of carrot root discs. Plant Physiol. 77:215–221; 1985.
Spano, A.; Wullems, G. J.; Schiperoort, R. A.; Constantino, P. Hairy root in vitro growth properties of tissues induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes in tobacco. Plant Sci. Lett. 23:299–305; 1981.
Tamma, R. V.; Miller, G. C. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of coumarins and flavonoids from sections of tridentatae of Artemisia. J. Chromatogr. 322:236–239; 1985.
Trypsteen, M.; van Lijsebettens, M.; van Severan, R.; van Montagu, M. Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated transformation of Echinacea purpurea. Plant Cell Rep. 10:85–89; 1991.
Vanhala, L.; Eeva, M.; Lapinjoki, S.; Hiltunen, R.; Oksman-Caldentey, K. M. Effect of growth regulators on transformed root cultures of Hyoscyamus muticus. J. Plant Physiol. 153:475–481; 1998.
Yoshikawa, T.; Furuya, T. Saponin production by cultures of Panax ginseng transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Plant Cell Rep. 6: 449–453; 1987.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bais, H., Sudha, G., George, J. et al. Influence of exogenous hormones on growth and secondary metabolite production in hairy root cultures of Cichorium intybus L. CV. Lucknow local. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant 37, 293–299 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-001-0052-8
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-001-0052-8