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Rapid assessment of the toxicity of oil sands process-affected waters using fish cell lines

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Abstract

Rapid and reliable toxicity assessment of oil sands process-affected waters (OSPW) is needed to support oil sands reclamation projects. Conventional toxicity tests using whole animals are relatively slow, costly, and often subjective, while at the same time requiring the sacrifice of test organisms as is the case with lethal dosage/concentration assays. A nonlethal alternative, using fish cell lines, has been developed for its potential use in supporting oil sands reclamation planning and to help predict the viability of aquatic reclamation models such as end-pit lakes. This study employed six fish cell lines (WF-2, GFSk-S1, RTL-W1, RTgill-W1, FHML, FHMT) in 24 h viability assays for rapid fluorometric assessment of cellular integrity and functionality. Forty-nine test water samples collected from the surface of oil sands developments in the Athabasca Oil Sands deposit, north of Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada, were evaluated in blind. Small subsample volumes (8 ml) were mixed with 2 ml of 5× concentrated exposure media and used for direct cell exposures. All cell line responses in terms of viability as measured by Alamar blue assay, correlated well with the naphthenic acids (NA) content in the samples (R 2 between 0.4519 and 0.6171; p < 0.0001) when data comparisons were performed after the bioassays. NA or total acid-extractable organics group has been shown to be responsible for most of the acute toxicity of OSPW and our results further corroborate this. The multifish cell line bioassay provides a strong degree of reproducibility among tested cell lines and good relative sensitivity of the cell line bioassay as compared to available in vivo data that could lead to cost effective, high-throughput screening assays.

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Acknowledgments

This work was generously supported by grants to LEJL from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Canadian Water Network, Cumulative Environmental Management Association (CEMA), and the European Chemical Council (CEFIC-LRI). The support of Syncrude Canada Ltd. for sample collection and analysis, as well as providing permission for publication of this study, is appreciated. BS was the recipient of an Ontario Graduate Scholarship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3C5

    Bryan Sansom, Nguyen T. K. Vo & Lucy E. J. Lee

  2. Department of Biology, University of Waterlo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1

    Bryan Sansom & D. George Dixon

  3. Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada

    Richard Kavanagh & Robert Hanner

  4. OSPM Solutions, Hamilton, ON, L8H 6X2, Canada

    Michael MacKinnon

  5. Faculty of Science, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada, V2S 7M8

    Lucy E. J. Lee

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  1. Bryan Sansom
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Sansom, B., Vo, N.T.K., Kavanagh, R. et al. Rapid assessment of the toxicity of oil sands process-affected waters using fish cell lines. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Animal 49, 52–65 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11626-012-9570-4

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