References
Ringer, S. 1880. Concerning the influence exerted by each of the constituents of the blood on the contraction of the ventricle. J. Physiol. 3: 380–393.
Ringer, S. 1883. A further contribution regarding the influence of the different constituents of the blood on the contraction of the heart. J. Physiol. 4: 29–32.
Ringer, S. 1883. A third contribution regarding the influence of the inorganic constituents of the blood on the ventricular contraction. J. Physiol. 4: 222–225.
Ringer, S. 1186. Further experiments regarding the influence of small quantities of lime potassium and other salts on muscular tissue. J. Physiol. 7: 291–308.
Ringer, S. 1895. Further observations regarding the antagonism between calcium salts and sodium potassium and ammonium salts. J. Physiol. 18: 425–429.
Locke, F. S. 1895. Artificial fluids as uninjurious as possible to animal tissues. Boston Med. Surg. J. 134: 173.
Locke, F. S. 1895. Towards the ideal artificial circulating fluid for the isolated frog's heart. J. Physiol. 18: 332–333.
Locke, F. S. 1900 Die Wirkung der Metalle das Blutplasmas und verschiedener Zucker auf des isoliertes Saügetierherz. Zbl. Physiol. 14: 670.
Tyrode, M. V. 1910. The mode of action of some purgative salts. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 20: 205–223.
Krebs, H. A., and K. Henseleit 1932. Untersuchunger über die Harnstoffbildung in Tierkorper. Z. Physiol. Chem. 210: 33–66.
Krebs, H. A. 1950. Body size and tissue respiration. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 4: 249–269.
Lewis, M. R., and W. H. Lewis. 1911. The cultivation of tissues from chick embryos in solutions of NaCl, KCl and NaHCO3. Anat. Rec. 5: 277–285.
Lewis, W. H., and M. R. Lewis. 1912. The cultivation of chick tissues in media of known chemical composition. Anat. Rec. 6: 207–211.
Waymouth, C. 1954. The nutrition of animal cells. Int. Rev. Cytol. 3: 1–68.
Waymouth, C. 1965. Construction and use of synthetic media. In: E. N. Willmer (ed.)Cells and Tissues in Culture, Vol. 1, pp. 99–142. Academic Press, London.
Gey, G. O., and M. K. Gey. 1936. The maintenance of human normal cells and human tumor cells in continuous culture. I. Preliminary report: Cultivation of mesoblastic tumors and normal tissue and notes on methods of cultivation. Amer. J. Cancer 27: 45–76.
Earle, W. R. 1943. Production of malignancy in vitro. IV. The mouse fibroblast cultures and changes seen in the living cells. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 4: 165–212.
Hanks, J. H. 1948. The longevity of chick tissue cultures without renewal of medium. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 31: 235–260.
Hanks, J. H., and R. E. Wallace. 1949. Relation of oxygen and temperature in the preservation of tissue by refrigeration. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 71: 196–200.
Waymouth, C. 1968. Culture media: animal tissue. In: P. L. Altman and D. S. Dittmer (eds.).Metabolism. FASEB, Washington, D.C. pp. 180–187.
Diem, K. (ed.). 1962.Documenta Geigy. Scientific Tables. Geigy Pharmaceuticals, N.Y. 6th Ed.
Dick, D. A. T. 1959. Osmotic properties of living cells. Int. Rev. Cytol. 8: 387–448.
Opie, E. L. 1959. Isotonicity of liver and kidney tissue in solutions of electrolytes. J. Exp. Med. 110: 103–111.
Glasser, O. (ed.). 1944.Medical Physics. Vol. 1. Year Book Publ. Co., Chicago, Ill.
Prosser, C. L., and F. A. Brown 1961.Comparative Animal Physiology. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
Gettler, A. O., and W. Baker. 1916. Chemical and physical analysis of blood in thirty normal cases. J. Biol. Chem. 25: 211–222.
Margaria, R. 1930. The vapour pressure of normal human blood. J. Physiol. 70: 417–433.
Hill, A. V. 1928. Myothermic apparatus. Proc. Roy. Soc. (Lond.) 103(B): 117–137.
Hill, A. V. 1930. Thermal method of measuring the vapor pressure of an aqueous solution. Proc. Roy. Soc. (Lond.) 127(A): 9–19.
Culbert, R. W. 1935. The vapor pressure of human blood by Hill's thermoelectric method. Apparatus and technique. J. Biol. Chem. 109: 547–563.
Culbert, R. W., D. J. McCune, and A. A. Weech. 1937. Rate of evaporation in serum as a measure of vapor pressure, osmotic pressure and concentration of solutes. J. Biol. Chem. 119: 589–606.
Spector, W. S. (ed.). 1956.Handbook of Biological Data. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. Table 36, p. 51.
Altman, P. L., and D. S. Dittmer (eds.). 1961.Blood and Other Body Fluids. FASEB, Washington, D.C.
Sunderman, F. W. 1951. Studies in serum electrolyties XVII. Some clinical aspects. Amer. J. Clin. Path. 21: 319–331.
Hendry, E. B. 1961. Osmolarity of human serum and of chemical solutions of biological importance. Clin. Chem. 7: 156–164.
Holmes, J. H. 1962. Measurement of osmolality in serum, urine and other biologic fluids by freezing point determination. Commission on continuing education. Amer. Soc. Clin. Path. 20 pp.
Popescu, D., H. Cristea, and S. Negreanu. 1963. Ionic composition and distribution in preserved blood and derivatives. Chirurgia (Bucharest) 7: 457–462.
Aldred, P. 1940. A note on the osmotic pressure of the blood of various animals. J. Exp. Biol. 17: 223–226.
Dukes, H. H. 1937.The Physiology of Domestic Animals. 4th ed. Comstock Publ. Co., Inc., Ithaca, N.Y.
Dukes, H. H. 1947.The Physiology of Domestic Animals. 6th ed. Comstock Publ. Co., Inc., Ithaca, N.Y.
Benham, G. H., W. S. Duke-Elder, and T. H. Hodgson. 1938. The osmotic pressure of the aqueous humour in the normal and glaucomatous eye. J. Physiol. 92: 355–360.
Lifson, N. 1944. Note on the total osmotic activity of human plasma or serum. J. Biol. Chem. 152: 659–663.
Olmstead, E. G., and D. A. Roth. 1957. The relationship of serum sodium to total serum osmolarity; a method of distinguishing hyponatremic states. Amer. J. Med. Sci. 233: 392–399.
Stenger, V., D. Eitzman, I. Gessner, T. Anderson, C. De Padua, and H. Prystowsky. 1963. A comparison of the freezing points of fetal and maternal plasmas of humans. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 87: 1042–1046.
Collins, D. A., and F. H. Scott 1932. The freezing points of serum and corpuscles. J. Biol. Chem. 97: 189–213.
Benham, G. H., H. Davson, and W. S. Duke-Elder. 1937. The total osmotic concentrations in serum and aqueous humour. J. Physiol. 89: 61–63.
Follansbee, R. 1945. The osmotic activity of gastrointestinal fluids after water ingestion in the rat. Amer. J. Physiol. 144: 355–362.
Prosser, C. L. 1950.Comparative Animal Physiology. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
Brodsky, W. A., J. W. Appelbloom, W. H. Dennis, W. S. Rehm, J. F. Miley, and I. Diamond. 1956. The freezing point depression of mammalian tissues in relation to the question of osmotic activity of cell fluid. J. Gen. Physiol. 40: 183–199.
Meschia, G., and D. H. Barron 1956-57. Freezing point depression of arterial and venous plasmas in vivo. Yale J. Biol. Med. 29: 54–59.
Meschia, G., F. C. Battaglia, and D. H. Barron. 1957. A comparison of the freezing points of fetal and maternal plasmas of sheep and goat. Quart. J. Exp. Physiol. 42: 163–170.
Battaglia, F. C., G. Meschia, A. Hellegers, and D. H. Barron. 1958. The effects of acute hypoxia on the osmotic pressure of the plasma. Quart. J. Exp. Physiol. 43: 197–208.
Wheeler, H. O., and O. L. Ramos. 1960. Determinants of the flow and composition of the bile in the unanesthetized dog during constant infusion of sodium taurocholate. J. Clin. Invest. 39: 161–170.
Parsons, D. S., and G. D. V. van Rossum. 1961. Postnatal changes in the water and electrolyte content of rat liver. Quart. J. Exp. Physiol. 46: 353–368.
Koch-Weser, J. 1963. Influence of osmolarity of perfusate on contractility of mammalian myocardium. Amer. J. Physiol. 204: 957–962.
Harpur, R. P., and J. S. Popkin 1965. Osmolality of blood and intestinal contents in the pig, guinea pig, and Ascaris lumbricoides. Canad. J. Biochem. 43: 1157–1169.
Morrison, J. H. 1967. Separation of lymphocytes of rat bone marrow by combined glass-wool filtration and dextran-gradient centrifugation. Brit. J. Haematol. 13: 229–235.
Deringer, M. K., T. B. Dunn, and W. E. Heston. 1953. Results of exposure of strain C3H mice to chloroform. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 83: 474–479.
Shubik, P., and A. C. Ritchie 1953. Sensitivity of male dba mice to the toxicity of chloroform as a laboratory hazard. Science 117: 285.
Meier, H., and J. L. Fuller. 1966. Response to drugs. Chap. 23 in E. L. Green (ed.),Biology of the Laboratory Mouse. McGraw-Hill, New York. pp. 447–455.
Parker, R. C.. 1938.Methods of Tissue Culture. 1st ed. Hoeber, New York, N.Y.
Parker, R. C.. 1961.Methods of Tissue Culture. 3rd. ed. Hoeber, New York, N.Y.
Ebeling, A. H.. 1914. The effect of the variation in the osmotic tension and of the dilution of culture media on the cell proliferation of connective tissue. J. Exp. Med. 20: 130–139.
Hogue, M. J.. 1919. The effect of hypotonic and hypertonic solutions on fibroblasts of the embryonic chick heart in vitro. J. Exp. Med. 30: 617–648.
Willmer, E. N.. 1927. Studies on the influence of the surrounding medium on the activity of cells in tissue culture. Brit. J. Exp. Biol. 4: 280–291.
Tullis, J. L.. 1947. Studies on permeability of the leucocyte. Amer. J. Physiol. 148: 708–714.
Trowell, O. A.. 1962. The optimum concentration of sodium chloride for survival of lymphocytesin vitro. Brit. J. Haematol. 8: 304.
Trowell, O. A.. 1963. The optimum concentration of sodium chloride for the survival of lymphocytesin vitro. Exp. Cell Res. 29: 220–234.
Lucas, D. R.. 1965. Factors affecting the respiration and glycolysis of organ cultures. Exp. Cell Res. 40: 112–126.
Trowell, O. A.. 1959. The culture of mature organs in a synthetic medium. Exp. Cell Res. 16: 118–147.
Brinster, R. L.. 1965. Studies on the development of mouse embryosin vitro. I. The effect of osmolarity and hydrogen ion concentration. J. Exp. Zool. 158: 49–58.
Lockwood, A. P.M.. 1961. “Ringer” solutions and some notes on the physiological basis of their ionic composition. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 2: 241–289.
Howard, E.. 1953. Some effects of NaCl concentration on the development of early chick blastoderms in culture. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 41: 237–259.
Howard, E.. 1933. The milieu of germ cells and embryonic tissue as hypotonic to adult blood. Amer. J. Physiol. 105: 56.
Needham, J.. 1942.Biochemistry and Morphogenesis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Howard, E.. 1932. Osmotic relationships in the hen's egg, as determined by colligative properties of yolk and white. J. Gen. Physiol. 16: 107–123.
Smith, A. J. M.. 1934. The relations between yolk and white in the hen's egg. VI. The equilibrium between ice and egg-yolk and the freezing-point difference between yolk and white. J. Exp. Biol. 11: 228–242.
Opie, E. L.. 1948. An osmotic system within the cytoplasm of cells. J. Exp. Med. 87: 425–444.
Opie, E. L.. 1949. Movement of water in tissues removed from the body and its relation to movement of water during life. J. Exp. Med. 89: 185–208.
Opie, E. L., and M. B. Rothbard. 1953. Osmotic homeostasis maintained by mammalian liver, kidney and other tissues. J. Exp. Med. 97: 483–497.
Opie, E. L.. 1956. Changes in the osmotic activity of liver and kidney tissue caused by passage of sodium chloride, urea, and some other substances into cells. J. Exp. Med. 103: 351–362.
Opie, E. L.. 1956. Changes caused by injurious agents in the permeability of surviving cells. J. Exp. Med. 104: 897–919.
Opie, E. L.. 1956. Osmotic activity in relation to the movement of water under normal and pathological conditions. Harvey Lect. (1954–55) 50: 292–315.
Bartley, W., R. E. Davies, and H. A. Krebs. 1954. Active transport in animal tissues and subcellular particles. Proc. Roy. Soc. (Lond.) 142(B): 187–196.
Robinson, J. R.. 1950. Osmoregulation in surviving slices from the kidneys of adult rats. Proc. Roy Soc. (Lond.) 137(B): 378–402.
Robinson, J. R.. 1952. Osmoregulation of surviving slices from livers of adult rats. Proc. Roy. Soc. (Lond.) 140(B): 135–144.
Robinson, J. R.. 1960. Metabolism of intracellular water. Physiol. Rev. 40: 112–149.
Robinson, J. R., and R. A. McCance. 1952. Water metabolism. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 14: 115–142.
Wilson, T. H.. 1954. Ionic permeability and osmotic swelling of cells. Science 120: 104–105.
Ling, G. N.. 1966. All-or-none absorption by living cells and model protein-water systems: discussion of the problem of “permease-induction” and determination of secondary and tertiary structures of proteins. Fed. Proc. 25: 958–970.
Ling, G. N.. 1969. A new model for the living cell: a summary of the theory and recent experimental evidence in its support. Int. Rev. Cytol. 26: 1–61.
Yamada, M., K. Yaginuma, and K. Takano. 1956. Environmental osmotic hypertonicity for the HeLa strain cells in vitro. Jap. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 9: 243–249.
Paul, J.. 1959. Environmental influences on the metabolism and composition of cultured cells. J. Exp. Zool. 142: 475–505.
Yamada, M., and K. Takano. 1956. Effect of osmotic hypertonicity on the growth in vitro of HeLa strain cells. Gann 47: 638–640.
Paul, J.. 1961.Cell and Tissue Culture. 2nd. ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh and London.
Stubblefield, E., and G. C. Mueller. 1960. Effects of sodium chloride concentration on growth, biochemical composition, and metabolism of HeLa cells. Cancer Res. 20: 1646–1655.
Eagle, H.. 1956. The salt requirements of mammalian cells in tissue culture. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 61: 356–366.
Hay, R. J., and J. Paul. 1967. Factors influencing glucose flux and the effect of insulin in cultured human cells. J. Gen. Physiol. 50: 1663–1680.
Rixon, R. H., and J. A. F. Stevenson. 1956. The water and electrolyte metabolism of rat diaphragm in vitro. Canad. J. Biochem. Physiol. 34: 1069–1083.
Nitowsky, H. M., F. Herz, and S. Geller. 1963. Induction of alkaline phosphatase in dispersed cell cultures by changes in osmolarity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 12: 293–299.
Mudge, G. H.. 1953. Electrolyte metabolism of rabbit-kidney slices: Studies with radioactive potassium and sodium. Amer. J. Physiol. 173: 511–522.
Rixon, R. H., and J. A. F. Stevenson. 1957. The effect of tonicity and metabolism on the electrolytes and water of rat diphragmin vitro. Quart. J. Exp. Physiol. 42: 346–356.
Kitos, P. A., R. Sinclair, and C. Waymouth. 1962. Glutamine metabolism by animal cells growing in a synthetic medium. Exp. Cell Res. 27: 307–316.
Van Rossum, G. D. V.. 1963. Net sodium and potassium movements in liver slices prepared from rats of different foetal and postnatal ages. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 74: 1–14.
Waymouth, C. 1970. Unpublished.
Waymouth, C., 1965. The cultivation of cells in chemically defined media and the malignant transformation of cells in vitro. In: C. M. Ramakrishnan (ed.),Tissue Culture. W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 168–179.
Flink, E. B., A. B. Hastings, and J. K. Lowry. 1950. Changes in potassium and sodium concentrations in liver slices accompanying incubation in vitro. Amer. J. Physiol. 163: 598–604.
Borle, A. B., and J. Loveday. 1968. Effects of temperature, potassium, and calcium on the electrical potential difference in HeLa cells. Cancer Res. 28:2401–2405.
Riggs, T. R., L. M. Walker, and H. N. Christensen. 1958. Potassium migration and amino acid transport. J. Biol. Chem. 233: 1479–1484.
Harris, J. E., and L. Friedman. 1967. Study of membrane function by observation of change in rate of transcellular migration of amino acids. Biochemistry 6: 2814–2819.
Kuchler, R. J., 1967. The role of Na+ and K+ in regulating amino acid accumulation and protein synthesis in LM-strain mouse fibroblasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 136: 473–483.
Zuckerman, S., A. Palmer, and D. A. Hanson. 1950. The effect of steroid hormones on the water content of tissues. J. Endocrinol. 6: 261–276.
Wilson, D. L., 1957. Direct effects of adrenal cortical steroids on the electrolyte content of rabbit leucocytes. Amer. J. Physiol. 190: 104–108.
Stolkowski, J., and A. Reinberg. 1956. Recherches sur le méchanisme de l'action de quelques hormones corticosteroides sur le potassium cellulaire. I. Influence du glucose et de l'acide adenosine triphosphorique (ATP) sur les mouvements du K cellulaire. Ann. Endocrinol. 17: 137–139.
Stolkowski, J., 1960. Action des corticosteroides sur le potassium cellulaire en fonction de la constitution du milieu. Acta Endocrinol. 35 (Suppl. 51): 805.
Christensen, H. N.. 1962.Biological Transport. Benjamin, N.Y.
Waymouth, C., 1956. A rapid quantitative hematocrit method for measuring increase in cell population of strain L (Earle) cells cultivated in serum-free nutrient solutions. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 17: 305–313.
Howard, E., 1944. Cryoscopic evidence that the embryonic milieu is hypotonic to the adult. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 24: 201–220.
Tuttle, W. W., and B. A. Schottelius. 1965.Textbook of Physiology. (15th ed.) Mosby, St. Louis.
Wolf, A. V., and M. G. Brown. 1965-66.In:Handbook of Physics and Chemistry, 46th Ed. pp. D127 ff. Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This work was supported by a grant from the John A. Hartford Foundation, Inc.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Waymouth, C. Osmolality of mammalian blood and of media for culture of mammalian cells. In Vitro 6, 109–127 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02616113
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02616113