Zusammenfassung
In der Transitionsforschung besteht die Auffassung, dass Bevölkerungseinstellungen für die Konsolidierung von Demokratien wichtig sind, nicht aber für den Prozess der Demokratisierung. Diese Auffassung stellen wir aus der Perspektive der Humanentwicklung in Frage. Aus dieser Perspektive ist Demokratisierung ein primär emanzipatorischer Vorgang, dessen Haupttriebfeder entsprechende emanzipatorische Kräfte in der Bevölkerung sein sollten. Wir messen diese emanzipatorischen Kräfte mit Freiheitspräferenzen und verwenden Daten aus den Wertestudien um zu zeigen, dass die Freiheitspräferenzen der Bürger in der Tat einen positiven Einfluss auf die demokratische Entwicklung ihres Landes haben. Kein anderer Faktor — weder ökonomische Entwicklung noch soziales Kapital — kann den Effekt der Freiheitspräferenzen auf die demokratische Entwicklung verdrängen. Daraus folgern wir, dass die Perspektive der Humanentwicklung das Augenmerk auf emanzipatorische Kräfte lenkt, die in der Transitionsforschung bislang vernachlässigt wurden.
Abstract
Much of the literature on democratic transitions presumes that mass attitudes are important for the consolidation of democracies but not for the process of democratization. We challenge this premise on the basis of human development theory. From the perspective of this theory, democratization is an emancipative achievement that should be fuelled by broader emancipative forces among the population. Using the Values Surveys we measure these emancipative forces by people’s liberty aspirations, showing that mass liberty aspirations have a causal effect on a society’s democratic development. No other factor, not GDP/capita and not social capital, can explain away the effect of liberty aspirations on democratization. We conclude that human development theory illuminates emancipative forces in democratization that have so far been neglected.
Literatur
Alesina, Alberto/ Devleeschauwer, Arnaud/ Easterly, William/ Kurlat, Sergio/ Wacziarg, Romani, 2002: Fractionalization. Harvard Institute of Economic Research, Discussion Paper No. 1959. http://post.economics.harvard.edu/hier/2002papers/2002list.html.
Almond, Gabriel A./ Verba, Sidney, 1963: The Civic Culture. Princeton.
Barnes, Samuel H./ Kaase, Max et al., 1979: Political Action. Beverly Hills.
Berg-Schlosser, Dirk/ Mitchell, Jeremy, 2000: Conditions of Democracy in Europe 1919–1939. London.
Bernhard, Michael, 1993: Civil Society and Democratic Transitions in East Central Europe, in: Political Science Quarterly 108, 307–326.
Boix, Carles/ Stokes, Susan C., 2003: Endogenous Democratization, in: World Politics 55, 517–549.
Brint, Steven, 1984: New Class and Cumulative Trend Explanations of the Liberal Political Attitudes of Professionals, in: American Journal of Sociology 90, 30–71.
Bunce, Valerie, 2000: Comparative Democratization, in: Comparative Political Studies 33, 703–734.
Burkhart, Ross E./ Lewis-Beck, Michael S., 1994: Comparative Democracy, in: American Political Science Review 88, 903–910.
Casper, Gretchen/ Taylor, Michelle M., 1996: Negotiating Democracy. Pittsburgh.
CIA World Factbook, 2002, in: www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/fields/2172.html.
Dahl, Robert A., 1973: Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven.
Dalton, Russell J., 2004: Democratic Challenges — Democratic Choices. Oxford.
van Deth, Jan W., 1997: Introduction, in: vanDeth, Jan W. (Hrsg.), Private Groups and Public Life. London, 1–23.
Diamond, Larry, 1992: Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered, in: Diamond, Larry/ Marks, Gary (Hrsg.), Reexamining Democracy. Boulder, 31–69.
Doorenspleet, Renske, 2000: Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization, in: World Politics 52, 384–406.
Doorenspleet, Renske, 2004: The Structural Context of Recent Transitions to Democracy, in: European Journal of Political Research 43, 309–336.
Encyclopedia Britannica (Hrsg.), 1998: Encyclopedia Britannica. Chicago.
Flanagan, Scott, 1987: Value Change in Industrial Society, in: American Political Science Review 81, 1303–1319.
Foweraker, John/ Landman, Todd, 1997: Citizenship Rights and Social Movements. Oxford.
Freedom House (Hrsg.), 2001: Freedom in the World. Lanham.
Freedom House (Hrsg.), 2003: Freedom in the World. Lanham.
Fuchs, Dieter, 2000: Typen und Indizes demokratischer Regime, in: WZB Discussion Paper Series, FS II 00-205. Berlin.
Fuchs, Dieter/ Gabriel, Oscar W./ Völkl, Kerstin, 2002: Vertrauen in politische Institutionen und politische Unterstützung, in: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft 4, 427–450.
Gasiorowski, Mark J./ Power, Timothy J., 1998: The Structural Determinants of Democratic Consolidation, in: Comparative Political Studies 31, 740–771.
Geddes, Barbara, 1999: What Do We Know about Democratization after Twenty Year?, in: Annual Review of Political Science 2, 115–144.
Gibson, James L., 2001: Social Networks, Civil Society, and the Prospects for Consolidating Russia’s Democratic Transition, in: American Journal of Political Science 45, 51–69.
Granger, Clive W.J., 1969: Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-spectralm Methods, in: Econometrica 37, 424–438.
Helliwell, John F., 1993: Empirical Linkages Between Democracy and Economic Growth, in: British Journal of Political Science 24, 225–248.
Higley, John/ Gunther, Richard (Hrsg.), 1992: Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe. New York.
Hofferbert, Richard I./ Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, 1999: Remembering the Bad Old Days, in: European Journal of Political Research 36, 155–174.
Huntington, Samuel P., 1991: The Third Wave. Norman.
Inglehart, Ronald, 1977: The Silent Revolution. Princeton.
Inglehart, Ronald, 1997: Modernization and Postmodernization. Princeton.
Inglehart, Ronald/ Welzel, Christian, 2003: Political Culture and Democracy: Analyzing Cross-Level Linkages, in: Comparative Politics 36, 61–79.
Inglehart, Ronald/ Welzel, Christian, 2005 (im Erscheinen): Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge.
Jackman, Robert W./ Miller, Ross A., 1998: Social Capital and Politics, in: Annual Review of Political Science 1, 47–73.
Karl, Terry L./ Schmitter, Philippe C., 1991: Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe, in: International Social Science Journal 128, 269–284.
Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, 1999: Mapping Political Support in the 1990s, in: Norris, Pippa (Hrsg.), Critical Citizens. New York, 31–56.
Kurzman, Charles, 1998: Waves of Democratization, in: Studies in Comparative International Development 33, 42–64.
Lipset, Seymour M., 1959: Some Social Requisites of Democracy, in: American Political Science Review 53, 69–105.
Markoff, John, 1996: Waves of Democratization. Thousand Oaks.
Marks, Gary, 1992: Rational Sources of Chaos in Democratic Transitions, in: Marks, Gary/ Diamond, Larry (Hrsg.), Reexamining Democracy. London, 47–69.
Merkel, Wolfgang, 1999: Systemtransformation. Opladen.
Mishler, William/ Rose, Richard, 2001: Political Support for Incomplete Democracies, in: International Political Science Review 22, 303–320.
Muller, Edward N./ Seligson, Mitchell A., 1994: Civic Culture and Democracy, in: American Political Science Review 88, 635–652.
Newton, Kenneth, 2001: Trust, Social Capital, Civil Society, and Democracy, in: International Political Science Review 22, 201–214.
Norris, Pippa, 2003: Democratic Phoenix. Cambridge.
O’Donnell, Guillermo/ Schmitter, Philippe C., 1986: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, in: O’Donnell, Guillermo/ Schmitter, Philippe C./ Whitehead, Laurence (Hrsg.), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (Band 4). Baltimore, 1–78.
Paxton, Pamela, 2002: Social Capital and Democracy, in: American Sociological Review 67, 254–277.
Przeworski, Adam, 1992: The Games of Transition, in: Mainwaring, Scott/ O’Donnell, Guillermo/ Valenzuela, Arturo (Hrsg.), Issues in Democratic Consolidation. Notre Dame, 105–152.
Przeworski, Adam/ Limongi, Fernando, 1997: Modernization: Theories and Facts, in: World Politics 49, 155–183.
Putnam, Robert D., 1993: Making Democracy Work. Princeton.
Rohrschneider, Robert, 1994: Report from the Laboratory: The Influence of Institutions on Political Elites’ Democratic Values in Germany, in: American Political Science Review 88, 927–941.
Rose, Richard, 1995: Freedom as a Fundamental Value, in: International Social Science Journal 145, 457–471.
Rose, Richard, 2001: A Divergent Europe, in: Journal of Democracy 12, 93–106.
Rustow, Dankwart A., 1970: Transitions to Democracy, in: Comparative Politics 2, 37–363.
Scarbrough, Elinor, 1995: Materialist — Postmaterialist Value Orientations, in: Scarbrough, Elinor/ van Deth, Jan W. (Hrsg.), The Impact of Values. Beliefs in Government, Volume 4. Oxford, 123–159.
Seligson, Mitchell L., 2002: The Renaissance of Political Culture or the Renaissance of the Ecological Fallacy, in: Comparative Politics 34, 273–292.
Sen, Amartya, 1999: Development as Freedom. New York.
Sullivan, John L./ Transue, John E., 1999: The Psychological Underpinnings of Democracy, in: Annual Review of Psychology 50, 625–650.
Vanhanen, Tatu, 2003: Democratization. London.
Verba, Sidney/ Schlozman, Kay L./ Brady, Henry E., 1995: Voice and Equality. Cambridge.
Welsch, Roy E., 1980: Regression Sensitivity Analysis and Bounded-Influence Estimation, in: Kmenta, Jan/ Ramsey, James B. (Hrsg.), Evaluation of Econometric Models. New York, 153–167.
Welzel, Christian, 2002: Fluchtpunkt Humanentwicklung. Opladen.
Welzel, Christian, 2003: Effective Democracy, Mass Culture, and the Quality of Elites, in: International Journal of Comparative Sociology 43, 269–298.
Welzel, Christian/ Inglehart, Ronald/ Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, 2003: The Theory of Human Development, in: European Journal of Political Research 42, 341–380.
World Bank (Hrsg.), 2001: World Development Report 2002.
Additional information
Wir danken den Gutachtern und der Redaktion für ihre Überarbeitungsvorschläge.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Welzel, C., Inglehart, R. Demokratisierung und Freiheitsstreben: Die Perspektive der Humanentwicklung. PVS 46, 62–85 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11615-005-0218-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11615-005-0218-9