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Effect of Perioperative Nutritional Supplementation on Postoperative Complications—Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery Aims and scope

Abstract

Background

Perioperative carbohydrate loading, increased protein intake, and immunonutrition may decrease postoperative complications. Studies on the topic have led to controversial results.

Methods

We searched Medline, EMBASE, and CENTRAL up to August 2018 for randomized trials comparing the effect of perioperative nutritional supplements (intervention) versus control on postoperative complications in patients undergoing gastrointestinal cancer surgery. Secondary outcomes included infectious complications and length of hospital stay (LOS). Random effects model was used to estimate the pooled risk ratio (RR) of treatment effects. Pooled mean difference (MD) was used to compare LOS. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2. Sources of heterogeneity were explored through subgroup analysis by nutritional supplementation protocol, type of surgery, and type of nutritional supplement. Risk of bias and quality of the evidence were assessed.

Results

Of 3951 articles, we identified 56 trials (n = 6370). Perioperative nutrition was associated with a lower risk of postoperative complications (RR 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69–0.80); postoperative infections (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.64–0.79, n = 4582); and postoperative non-infectious complications (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.71–0.87, n = 4883). There were no significant heterogeneity outcomes analyzed (I2 = 14%, 1%, and 7%, respectively). LOS was shorter for the intervention group, MD − 1.58 days; 95% CI − 1.83 to − 1.32; I2 = 89%). Subgroup analysis did not identify sources of heterogeneity. The quality of evidence for postoperative complications was high and for LOS was moderate.

Conclusion

Perioperative nutritional optimization decreases the risk of postoperative infectious and non-infectious complications. It also decreases LOS in patients undergoing gastrointestinal cancer surgery, but these findings should be taken with caution given the high heterogeneity.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Tom Xu for the role in the article translation and data abstraction.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Betty Zhang & Zainab Najarali

  2. Department of Postgraduate Medical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Zainab Najarali

  3. Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Leyo Ruo

  4. Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Leyo Ruo, Natalie Solis, Marlie Valencia & Pablo E. Serrano

  5. Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

    Abdullah Alhusaini

  6. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Maria Ines Pinto Sanchez

  7. Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Pablo E. Serrano

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  1. Betty Zhang
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Zhang, B., Najarali, Z., Ruo, L. et al. Effect of Perioperative Nutritional Supplementation on Postoperative Complications—Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 23, 1682–1693 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-019-04173-5

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