Abstract
Passive seismic techniques have revolutionarised seismology, leading for example to increased resolution in surface wave tomography, to the possibility to monitor changes in the propagation medium, and to many new processing strategies in seismic exploration. Here we review applications of the new techniques to a very particular dataset, namely data from the Apollo 17 lunar network. The special conditions of the lunar noise environment are investigated, illustrating the interplay between the properties of the noise and the ability to reconstruct Green’s functions. With a dispersion analysis of reconstructed Rayleigh waves new information about the shallow shear velocity structure of the Moon are obtained. Passive image interferometry is used to study the effect of temperature changes in the subsurface on the seismic velocities providing direct observation of a dynamic process in the lunar environment. These applications highlight the potential of passive techniques for terrestrial and planetary seismology.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aki K (1957). Space and time spectra of stationary stochastic waves with special reference to microtremors. Bull Earthq Res Inst35: 415–456.
Aki K (1969). Analysis of the seismic coda of local earthquakes as scattered waves. J Geophys Res74: 615–631.
Brenguier F, Campillo M, Hadziioannou C, Shapiro N M, Nadeau R M and Larose E (2008a). Postseismic relaxation along the San Andreas fault at Parkfield from continuous seismological observations. Science321: 1 478–1 481.
Brenguier F, Shapiro N M, Campillo M, Ferrazzini V, Duputel Z, Coutant O and Nercessian A (2008b). Towards forecasting volcanic eruptions using seismic noise. Nat Geosci1: 126–130.
Campillo M. (2006). Phase and correlation in ‘random’ seismic fields and the reconstruction of the Green function. Pure Appl Geophys163: 475–502.
Campillo M and Paul A (2003). Long-range correlations in the diffuse seismic coda. Science299: 547–549.
Claerbout J F (1968). Synthesis of a layered medium from its acoustic transmission response. Geophysics33: 264.
Cooper M R, Kovach R L and Watkins J S (1974). Lunar near-surface structure. Rev Geophys Space Phys12: 291–308.
Dainty A M and Toksöz M N (1981). Seismic codas on the earth and the moon — A comparison. Phys Earth Planet Int26: 250–260.
Duennebier F (1976). Thermal movement of the regolith. In: Kinsler D C ed. Lunar Science Conference Proceedings, volume 7 of Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Proceedings. Pergamon, New York, 1 073–1 086.
Duennebier F and Sutton G H (1974). Thermal moonquakes. J Geophys Res79: 4 351–4 363.
Duvall T L Jr, Jefferies S M, Harvey J W and Pomerantz M A (1993). Time-distance helioseismology. Nature362: 430–432.
Goins N R, Dainty A M and Toksöz M N (1981). Seismic energy release of the moon. J Geophys Res86: 378–388.
Hadziioannou C, Larose E, Coutant O, Roux P and Campillo M (2009). Stability of monitoring weak changes in multiply scattering media with ambient noise correlation: Laboratory experiments. J Acoust Soc Am125: 3 688–3 695.
Heiken G H, Vaniman D T and French B M eds (1991). Lunar Sourcebook - A User’s Guide to the Moon. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 756 pp.
Herrmann R B and Ammon C J (2004). Computer Programs in Seismology: Surface Waves, Receiver Functions and Crustal Structure. Saint Louis University, www.eas.slu.edu/Earthquake_Center/CPS/CPS/CPS330.html.
Horvath P, Latham G V, Nakamura Y and Dorman H J (1980). Lunar near-surface shear wave velocities at the Apollo landing sites as inferred from spectral amplitude ratios. J Geophys Res85: 6 572–6 578.
Khan A and Mosegaard K (2002). An inquiry into the lunar interior: A nonlinear inversion of the Apollo lunar seismic data. J Geophys Res107: 5 036–5 058.
Kovach R L, Watkins J S and Talwani P (1973). Lunar seismic profiling experiment. In: Apollo 17: Preliminary Science Report, volume 330 of NASA Special Publication. NASA, Washington DC, 10.
Lammlein D R (1977). Lunar seismicity and tectonics. Phys Earth Planet Int14: 224–273.
Langseth M G Jr, Keihm S J and Chute J L Jr (1973). Heat flow experiment. In: Apollo 17: Preliminary Science Report, volume 330 of NASA Special Publication. NASA, Washington DC, 9.
Larose E, Derode A, Campillo M and Fink M (2004). Imaging from one-bit correlations of wideband diffuse wave fields. J Appl Phys95: 8 393–8 399.
Larose E, Khan A, Nakamura Y and Campillo M (2005). Lunar subsurface investigated from correlation of seismic noise. Geophys Res Lett32: L16201.
Latham G, Ewing M, Dorman J, Nakamura Y, Press F, Toksöz N, Sutton G, Duennebier F and Lammlein D (1973). Lunar structure and dynamics — results from the Apollo passive seismic experiment. Moon7: 396–421.
Lobkis O I and Weaver R L (2001). On the emergence of the Green’s function in the correlations of a diffuse field. J Acoust Soc Am110: 3 011–3 017.
Lognonné P (2005). Planetary seismology. Ann Rev Earth Pl Sc33: 571–604.
Lognonné P, Gagnepain-Beyneix J and Chenet H (2003). A new seismic model of the Moon: implications for structure, thermal evolution and formation of the Moon. Earth Planet Sci Lett211: 27–44.
Lognonné P and Johnson C (2007). Planetary seismology. In: Schubert G ed. Treatise on Geophysics. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 69–122.
Nakamura Y (2003). New identification of deep moonquakes in the Apollo lunar seismic data. Phys Earth Planet Int139: 197–205.
Oberst J (1987). Unusually high stress drops associated with shallow moonquakes. J Geophys Res92: 1 397–1 405.
Roux P, Kuperman W A and the NPAL Group (2004). Extracting coherent wave fronts from acoustic ambient noise in the ocean. J Acoust Soc Am116: 1 995–2 003.
Sabra K G, Gerstoft P, Roux P, Kuperman W A and Fehler M C (2005). Surface wave tomography from microseisms in Southern California. Geophys Res Lett32: L14311.
Sens-Schönfelder C and Larose E (2008). Temporal changes in the lunar soil from correlation of diffuse vibrations. Phys Rev E78(4): 045601.
Sens-Schönfelder C and Wegler U (2006). Passive image interferometry and seasonal variations of seismic velocities at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia. Geophys Res Lett33: L21302.
Shapiro N M, Campillo M, Stehly L and Ritzwoller M H (2005). High-resolution surface-wave tomography from ambient seismic noise. Science307: 1 615–1 618.
Tanimoto T, Eitzel M and Yano T (2008). The noise cross-correlation approach for Apollo 17 LSPE data: Diurnal change in seismic parameters in shallow lunar crust. J Geophys Res113: E08011, doi:10.1029/2007JE003016.
Toksöz M N (1964). Microseisms and an attempted application to exploration. Geophysics29: 154.
Toksöz M N, Dainty A M, Solomon S C and Anderson K R (1974). Structure of the moon. Rev Geophys Space Phys12: 539–567.
Wapenaar K and Fokkema J (2006). Green’s function representations for seismic interferometry. Geophysics71: SI33.
Weaver R L and Lobkis O I (2001). Ultrasonics without a source: thermal fluctuation correlations at MHz frequencies. Phys Rev Lett87(13): 134301.
Wegler U and Sens-Schönfelder C (2007). Fault zone monitoring with passive image interferometry. Geophys J Int168: 1 029–1 033.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Sens-Schönfelder, C., Larose, E. Lunar noise correlation, imaging and monitoring. Earthq Sci 23, 519–530 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11589-010-0750-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11589-010-0750-6