Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Protonic EDLC cell based on chitosan (CS): methylcellulose (MC) solid polymer blend electrolytes

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Ionics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this work, preparation and application of solid polymer blend electrolytes (SPBEs) based on chitosan: methylcellulose (CS:MC) incorporated with various amounts of ammonium iodide (NH4I) salt are described. Solution cast technique was adapted for the preparation of the SPBE films. Structural investigation and extent of interaction of the NH4I salt with the CS:MC film surface were conducted through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements. Electrical DC conductivity of the prepared samples was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It is confirmed through transference number (TNM) analysis that ions are the dominant charge carrier in the polymer electrolyte system, in which the ionic (tion) and electron (tel) transference numbers were found to be 0.934 and 0.036, respectively. Through the use of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), the CS:MC:NH4I system is found to experience electrolyte degradation at 2.1 V. The polymer blend electrolyte sample with highest DC conductivity property was also used as separator in electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) cell. Two identical activated carbon electrodes were used to sandwich the electrolyte film. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to show the capacitive behavior of the fabricated EDLC cell, in which no redox peaks were observed. The EDLC was examined for 100 cycles at current density of 0.2 mA/cm2. The values of specific capacitance and equivalent series resistance were determined to be 1.76 F/g, and 650 to 1050 Ω, respectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Yang Z, Zhang J, Kintner-Meyer MC, Lu X, Choi D, Lemmon JP, Liu J (2011) Electrochemical energy storage for green grid. Chem Rev 111:3577–3613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Powell CA, Morreale BD (2008) Materials Challenges in Advanced Coal Conversion Technologies. MRS Bull 33:309–315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Arunachalam, V. S.; Fleischer, E. L. The Global Energy Landscape and Materials Innovation MRS Bull 2008, 33, 264–288

  4. Sibo Wang, Tongzhen Wei, Zhiping Qi. Supercapacitor Energy Storage Technology and its Application in Renewable Energy Power Generation System. Proceedings of ISES World Congress 2007 (Vol. I – Vol. V) pp 2805–2809

  5. Schainker RB (2004) Executive Overview: EnergyStorage Options For A Sustainable Energy Future. Power Eng Soc Gen Meet 2:2309–2314

    Google Scholar 

  6. Marin S. Halper, James C. Ellenbogen,“Supercapacitor: a brief overview”, http://www.mitre.org. March 2006

  7. Burke A (2000) Ultracapacitors: why, how, and where is the technology. J Power Sources 91:37–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhi J, Yang C, Lin T, Cui H, Wang Z, Zhang H, Huang F (2016) Flexible all solid state Supercapacitor with high energy density employing black Titania nanoparticles as a conductive agent. Nanoscale 8:4054–4062

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Andres B, Dahlstrom C, Blomquist N, Norgen M, Olin H (2018) Cellulose binders for electric double-layer capacitor electrodes: the influence of cellulose quality on electrical properties. Mat Des 141:342–349

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Yang I, Kim SG, Kwon SH, Lee JH, Kim MS, Jung JC (2016) Pore size-controlled carbon aerogels for EDLC electrodes in organic electrolytes. Curr Appl Phys 16(6):665–672

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hou B, Zhang T, Yan R, Li D, Mo Y, Yin L, Chen Y (2016) High specific surface area activated carbon with well balanced micro/Mesoporosity for ultrahigh Supercapacitive performance. Int J Electrochem Sci 11:9007–9018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Yu J, Yan X, Ma Z, Mei P, Xiao W, You Q, Zhang Y (2018) Development of the PEO Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes for All-Solid State Lithium Ion Batteries. Polymers 10(11):1237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Nyuk CM, Isa MIN (2017) Solid biopolymer electrolytes based on carboxymethyl cellulose for use in coin cell proton batteries. J Sustain Sci Manag 2018:42–48

    Google Scholar 

  14. Woo HJ, Liew C, Majid SR, Arof AK (2014) Poly (ε-caprolactone)-based polymer electrolyte for electrical double-layer capacitors. High Perform Polym 26:637–640

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Xiao SY, Yang YQ, Li MX, Wang FX, Chang Z, Wu YP, Liu X (2014) A composite membrane based on a biocompatible cellulose as a host of gel polymer electrolyte for lithium ion batteries. J Power Sources 270:53–58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Park SJ, Yoo K, Kim JY, Kim JY, Lee DK, Kim B, Kim H, Kim JH, Cho J, Ko MJ (2013) Water-based thixotropic polymer gel electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Nano 7(5):4050–4056

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hamsan MH, Shukur MF, Kadir MFZ (2017) NH4NO3 as charge carrier contributor in glycerolized potato starch-methyl cellulose blend-based polymer electrolyte and the application in electrochemical double-layer capacitor. Ionics 23:3429–3453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-017-2155-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Teoh KH, Lim C, Liew C et al (2015) Electric double-layer capacitors with corn starch-based biopolymer electrolytes incorporating silica as filler. Ionics 21:2061–2068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-014-1359-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kadir MFZ, Salleh NS, Hamsan MH, Aspanut Z, Majid NA, Shukur MF (2018) Biopolymeric electrolyte based on glycerolized methyl cellulose with NH4Br as proton source and potential application in EDLC. Ionics 24:1651–1662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-017-2330-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Tan HW, Ramesh S, Liew C (2019) Electrical, thermal, and structural studies on highly conducting additive-free biopolymer electrolytes for electric double-layer capacitor application. Ionics 25:4861–4874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-019-03017-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hariyawati NK, Saraswati LPA, Made Arcana I (2019) Properties of polymer electrolytes based on chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) for Lithium battery application. Am J Eng Res 8:135–143

    Google Scholar 

  22. Taghizadeh MT, Seifi-Aghjekohal P (2015) Sonocatalytic degradation of 2- hydroxyethyl cellulose in the presence of some nanoparticles. Ultrason Sonochem 26:265–272

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Chartterjee B, Kulshrestha N, Gupta PN (2015) Electrical properties of starch-PVA biodegradable polymer blend. Phys Scr 90:025805–025814

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Jonson DA Some thermodynamic aspects of inorganic chemistry. Second edition, Cambridge University press 1982. Cambridge ISBN 0521242045

  25. Buraidah MH, Arof AK (2011) Characterization of chitosan/PVA blended electrolyte doped with NH4I. J Non-Cryst Solids 357:3261–3266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Aziz SB, Hamsan MH, Abdullah R, Kadir MFZ (2019) A Promising Polymer Blend Electrolytes Based on Chitosan: Methyl Cellulose for EDLC Application with High Specific Capacitance and Energy Density. Molecules 24:2503

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Aziz SB, Abidin ZHZ, Kadir MFZ (2015) Innovative method to avoid the reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles in silver ion conducting based polymer electrolytes. Phys Scr 90:035808

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Aziz SB, Kadir MFZ, Abidin ZHZ (2016) Structural, morphological and electrochemical impedance study of CS: LiTf based solid polymer electrolyte: Reformulated Arrhenius equation for ion transport study. Int J Electrochem Sci 11:9228–9244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Liebeck BM, Hidalgo N, Roth G, Popescu C, Böker A (2017) Synthesis and Characterization of Methyl Cellulose/Keratin Hydrolysate Composite Membranes. Polymers 9:91

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Liu P, Xiangmei W, Zhong L (2013) Miscibility study of chitosan and methylcellulose blends. Adv Mater Res 750–752:802–805

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Aziz NAN, Idris NK, Isa MIN (2010) Solid Polymer Electrolytes Based on Methylcellulose: FT-IR and Ionic Conductivity Studies. Int J Polym Anal Charact 15:319–327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Aziz S, Rasheed M, Ahmed H (2017) Synthesis of Polymer Nanocomposites Based on [Methyl Cellulose](1− x):(CuS) x (0.02 M≤ x≤ 0.08 M) with Desired Optical Band Gaps. Polymers 9(6):194

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Aziz SB, Abidin ZHZ, Arof AK (2010) Effect of silver nanoparticles on the DC conductivity in chitosan–silver triflate polymer electrolyte. Physica B 405:4429–4433

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Aziz SB, Abdullah RM (2018) Crystalline and amorphous phase identification from the tanδ relaxation peaks and impedance plots in polymer blend electrolytes based on [CS: AgNt] x: PEO (x-1)(10≤ x≤ 50). Electrochim Acta 285:30–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Vanitha D, Bahadur SA, Nallamuthu N, Athimoolam S, Manikandan A (2017) Electrical Impedance Studies on Sodium Ion Conducting Composite Blend Polymer Electrolyte. J Inorg Organomet Polym 27:257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Aziz SB, Hamsan MH, Brza MA, Kadir MFZ, Abdulwahid RT, Ghareeb HO, Woo HJ (2019) Fabrication of energy storage EDLC device based on CS: PEO polymer blend electrolytes with high Li+ ion transference number. Results in Physics 15:102584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Salleh NS, Aziz SB, Aspanut Z, Kadir MFZ (2016) Electrical impedance and conduction mechanism analysis of biopolymer electrolytes based on methyl cellulose doped with ammonium iodide. Ionics 22:2157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hodge RM, Edward GH, Simon GP (1996) Water absorption and states of water in semicrystalline poly(vinyl alcohol) films. Polym J 37:1371–1376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Lu G, Kong L, Sheng B, Wang G, Gong Y, Zhang X (2007) Degradation of covalently cross-linked carboxymethyl chitosan and its potential application for peripheral nerve regeneration. Eur Polym J 43:3807–3818

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Aziz SB, Marif RB, Brza MA, Hassan AN, Ahmad HA, Faidhalla YA et al (2019) Structural, thermal, morphological and optical properties of PEO filled with biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles: new insights to band gap study. Results Phys 13:102220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Ramesh S, Yuen TF, Shen CJ (2008) Conductivity and FTIR studies on PEO-LiX [X: CF3SO3-, SO42-] polymer electrolytes. Spectrochim Acta - Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 69:670–675

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Wen SJ, Richardson TJ, Ghantous DI, Striebel KA, Ross PN, Cairns EJ (1996) FTIR characterization of PEO + LiN(CF3SO2)2 electrolytes. J Electroanal Chem 408:113–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Idris A, Vijayaraghavan R, Rana UA, Fredericks D, Patti AF, MacFarlane DR (2013) Dissolution of featherkeratin in ionic liquids. Green Chem 15:525

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Zhang Y, Zhao W, Yang R (2015) Steam flash explosion assisted dissolution of keratin from feathers. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3:2036–2042

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Agrawal P, Strijkers GJ, Nicolay K (2010) Chitosan-based systems for molecular imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 62:42–58

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Aziz SB, Abidin ZHZ (2013) Electrical conduction mechanism in solid polymer electrolytes: new concepts to Arrhenius equation. J Soft Matter 2013:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Nurhaziqah AMS, Afiqah IQ, Aziz MFHA, Aziz NAN, Hasiah S (2018) Optical, structural and electrical studies of biopolymer electrolytes based on methylcellulose doped with Ca(NO3)2. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 440:012034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Sahli NB, Bin AAMM (2012) Effect of lithium triflate salt concentration in methyl cellulose-based solid polymer electrolytes. CHUSER 2012–2012 IEEE Colloq Humanit Sci Eng Res:739–742

  49. Aziz SB, Karim WO, Brza MA, Abdulwahid RT, Saeed SR, Al-Zangana S, Kadir MFZ (2019) Ion transport study in CS: POZ based polymer membrane electrolytes using Trukhan model. Int J Mol Sci 20:5265

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Aziz SB, Abdulwahid RT, Hamsan MH, Brza MA, Abdullah RM, Kadir MFZ, Muzakir SK (2019) Structural, impedance, and EDLC characteristics of proton conducting chitosan-based polymer blend electrolytes with high electrochemical stability. Molecules 24:3508

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Sharma S, Dhiman N, Pathak D, Kumar R (2016) Effect of nano-size fumed silica on ionic conductivity of PVdF-HFP-based plasticized nano-composite polymer electrolytes. Ionics 22:1865–1872. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-016-1721-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Sahu TB, Sahu M, Karan S, Mahipal YK, Sahu DK, Agrawal RC (2018) Study of electrical and electrochemical behavior on copper ion conducting nano-composite polymer electrolyte. Ionics 24:2885–2892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-017-2384-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Aziz SB (2018) The mixed contribution of ionic and electronic carriers to conductivity in chitosan based solid electrolytes mediated by CuNt salt. J Inorg Organomet Polym 28:1942

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Scrosati B, Croce F, Persi L (2000) Impedance spectroscopy study of PEO-based Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 147(5):1718–1721

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Aziz SB, Brza MA, Mohamed PA, Kadir MFZ, Hamsan MH, Abdulwahid RT, Woo HJ (2019) Increase of metallic silver nanoparticles in Chitosan: AgNt based polymer electrolytes incorporated with alumina filler. Results in Physics 13:102326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Bar N, Basak P, Tsu Y (2017) Vibrational and impedance spectroscopic analyses of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks as solid polymer electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 19:14615–14624

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Aziz SB, Abdullah RM, Kadir MFZ, Ahmed HM (2019) Non suitability of silver ion conducting polymer electrolytes based on chitosan mediated by barium titanate (BaTiO3) for electrochemical device applications. Electrochim Acta 296:494–507

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Wieczorek W, Stevens JR (1997) Impedance spectroscopy and phase structure of polyether−poly(methyl methacrylate)−LiCF3SO3 blend-based electrolytes. J Phys Chem B 101:1529–1534

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Aziz SB, Woo TJ, Kadir MFZ, Ahmed HM (2018) A conceptual review on polymer electrolytes and ion transport models. J Sci 3:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  60. Suvarna RP, Rao KR, Subbarangaiah K (2002) A simple technique for a.c. conductivity measurements. Bull Mater Sci 25:647–651

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Venkateswarlu M, Satyanarayana N (1998) AC conductivity studies of silver based fast ion conducting glassy materials for solid state batteries. Mater Sci Eng B 54:189–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Rani MSA, Ahmad A, Mohamed NS (2017) Influence of nano-sized fumed silica on physicochemical and electrochemical properties of cellulose derivatives-ionic liquid biopolymer electrolytes. Ionics 24:807–814

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Diederichsen KM, Mcshane EJ, Mccloskey BD (2017) Promising routes to a high Li+ transference number electrolyte for Lithium ion batteries. ACS Energy Lett 2:2563–2575

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Tripathi M, Tripathi SK (2017) Electrical studies on ionic liquid-based gel polymer electrolyte for its application in EDLCs. Ionics (Kiel) 23:2735–2746

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Samsi NS, Ali RM, Zakaria R, Yahya MZA, Ali AMM (2015) Electrical properties of ammonium iodide doped cellulose acetate based polymer electrolyte. ICGSCE 2014:331–338

    Google Scholar 

  66. JIBREEL UMARM, BHATTACHARYA B (2018) Synthesis, Characterization, and Detailed Studies on Plasticized Poly(ethyl methacrylate): NH4I Polymer Electrolyte. Adv Polym Technol 37:21693

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ali RM, Harun NI, Ali AMM, Yahyaa MZA (2012) Effect of ZnS Dispersoid in structural and electrical properties of plasticized CA-NH4I. Phys Procedia 2012(25):293–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Gupta H, Shalu LB, Singh VK, Singh SK, Tripathi AK, Verma YL, Singh RK (2017) Effect of temperature on electrochemical performance of ionic liquid based polymer electrolyte with Li/LiFePO4 electrodes. Solid State Ionics 309:192–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Tian Khoon L, Ataollahi N, Hassan NH, Ahmad A (2016) Studies of porous solid polymeric electrolytes based on poly (vinylidene fluoride) and poly (methyl methacrylate) grafted natural rubber for applications in electrochemical devices. J Solid State Electrochem 20(1):203–213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kasprzak D, Stępniak I, Galiński M (2018) Electrodes and hydrogel electrolytes based on cellulose: fabrication and characterization as EDLC components. J Solid State Electrochem 22:3035–3047

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Murashko K, Nevstrueva D, Pihlajamäki A, Koiranen T, Pyrhönen J (2017) Cellulose and activated carbon based flexible electrical double-layer capacitor electrode: preparation and characterization. Energy 119:435–441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Pérez-Madrigal MM, Edo MG, Aleman C (2016) Powering the future: application of cellulose-based materials for supercapacitors. Green Chem 18(22):5930–5956

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Wang Z, Tammela P, Strømme M, Nyholm L (2017) Cellulose based supercapacitors: material and performance considerations. Adv Energy Mater 7:1–22

    Google Scholar 

  74. Varzi A, Balducci A, Passerini S (2014) Natural cellulose: a green alternative binder for high voltage electrochemical double layer capacitors containing ionic liquid-based electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 161(3):A368–A375

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kasprzak D, Stępniak I, Galiński M (2018) Acetate- and lactatebased ionic liquids: synthesis, characterisation and electrochemical properties. J Mol Liq 264:233–241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Kant R, Singh MB (2017) Theory of the electrochemical impedance of mesostructured electrodes embedded with heterogeneous micropores. J Phys Chem C 121(13):7164–7174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Pohlmann S, Olyschläger T, Goodrich P, Vicente JA, Jacquemin J (2015) Balducci a mixtures of Azepanium based ionic liquids and propylene carbonate as high voltage electrolytes for supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 153:426–432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Acharya S, Hu Y, Moussa H, Abidi N (2017) Preparation and characterization of transparent cellulose films using an improved cellulose dissolution process. J Appl Polym Sci 134:1–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Ajina A, Isa D (2010) Symmetrical Supercapacitor using coconut Shell-based activated carbon. Pertanika J Sci & Technol 18(2):351–363

    Google Scholar 

  80. Yusof YM. Characteristics of corn starch/chitosan blend green polymer electrolytes complexed with ammonium iodide and its application in energy devices. University of Malaya 2017, Malaysia, Dissertation

  81. Shukur MF. Characterization of ion conducting solid biopolymer electrolytes based on starch-chitosan blend and application in electrochemical devices. University of Malaya 2015, Malaysia, Dissertation

  82. Majid, S.R. High molecular weight chitosan as polymer electrolyte for electrochemical devices. Doctoral thesis, University of Malaya 2007, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

  83. Liew C-W, Ramesh S, Arof AK (2015) Characterization of ionic liquid added poly(vinyl alcohol)-based proton conducting polymer electrolytes and electrochemical studies on the supercapacitors. Int J Hydrog Energy 40:852–862

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Shuhaimi NEA, Teo LP, Woo HJ, Majid SR, Arof AK (2012) Electrical double-layer capacitors with plasticized polymer electrolyte based on methyl cellulose. Polym Bull 69:807–826

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Pandey G, Kumar Y, Hashmi S (2011) Ionic liquid incorporated PEO based polymer electrolyte for electrical double layer capacitors: a comparative study with lithium and magnesium systems. Solid State Ionics 190(1):93–98

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Kamarudin KH, Hassan M, Isa MIN (2018) Lightweight and flexible solid-state EDLC based on optimized CMC-NH4NO3 solid bio-polymer electrolyte. ASM Sci J 11(1):29–36

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this study from the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research-Kurdish National Research Council (KNRC), Kurdistan Regional Government/Iraq. The financial support from the University of Sulaimani and Komar Research Center (KRC) and Komar University of Science and Technology are greatly appreciated.

Funding

This research was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research-Kurdish National Research Council (KNRC), Kurdistan Regional Government/Iraq. The financial support from the University of Sulaimani and Komar Research Center (KRC) and Komar University of Science and Technology is greatly appreciated.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq

    Shujahadeen B. Aziz, Ranjdar M. Abdullah, Rebar T. Abdulwahid, M. A. Brza & Aeyub Shahab Marif

  2. College of Engineering, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Regional Government, 46001, Iraq

    Shujahadeen B. Aziz

  3. Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    M. H. Hamsan

  4. Department of Physics, College of Education, University of Sulaimani, Old Campus, Kurdistan Regional Government, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq

    Rebar T. Abdulwahid

  5. Manufacturing and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University of Malaysia, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Gombak, Malaysia

    M. A. Brza

  6. Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Gombak, Malaysia

    M. F. Z. Kadir

Authors
  1. Shujahadeen B. Aziz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. H. Hamsan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ranjdar M. Abdullah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Rebar T. Abdulwahid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. A. Brza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Aeyub Shahab Marif
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. M. F. Z. Kadir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shujahadeen B. Aziz.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Aziz, S.B., Hamsan, M.H., Abdullah, R.M. et al. Protonic EDLC cell based on chitosan (CS): methylcellulose (MC) solid polymer blend electrolytes. Ionics 26, 1829–1840 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-020-03498-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-020-03498-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation