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Rhesus Macaque Model of Chronic Opiate Dependence and Neuro-AIDS: Longitudinal Assessment of Auditory Brainstem Responses and Visual Evoked Potentials

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Abstract

Our work characterizes the effects of opiate (morphine) dependence on auditory brainstem and visual evoked responses in a rhesus macaque model of neuro-AIDS utilizing a chronic continuous drug delivery paradigm. The goal of this study was to clarify whether morphine is protective, or if it exacerbates simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-related systemic and neurological disease. Our model employs a macrophage tropic CD4/CCR5 coreceptor virus, SIVmac239 (R71/E17), which crosses the blood-brain barrier shortly after inoculation and closely mimics the natural disease course of human immunodeficiency virus infection. The cohort was divided into three groups: morphine only, SIV only, and SIV + morphine. Evoked potential (EP) abnormalities in subclinically infected macaques were evident as early as 8 weeks postinoculation. Prolongations in EP latencies were observed in SIV-infected macaques across all modalities. Animals with the highest cerebrospinal fluid viral loads and clinical disease showed more abnormalities than those with subclinical disease, confirming our previous work (Raymond et al., J Neurovirol 4:512–520, 1998; J Neurovirol 5:217–231, 1999; AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 16:1163–1173, 2000). Although some differences were observed in auditory and visual evoked potentials in morphine-treated compared to morphine-untreated SIV-infected animals, the effects were relatively small and not consistent across evoked potential type. However, morphine-treated animals with subclinical disease had a clear tendency toward higher virus loads in peripheral and central nervous system tissues (Marcario et al., J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 3:12–25, 2008) suggesting that if had been possible to follow all animals to end-stage disease, a clearer pattern of evoked potential abnormality might have emerged.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Sarah Karina, Glaukia Cavalcanti, and Kip Fogle for their assistance with behavioral training and morphine/saline injections, as well as Heather Hudson and Darcy Griffin for assistance with morphine/saline injections. We also thank Ian Edwards and James Rengel for their expert technical contributions and Drs. Zhuang Li and David Pinson for assistance with necropsies and pathological analyses. This work was supported by NIH grants DA12827, HD02528, and COBRE P20RR16443.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 3043, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas, KS, 66160, USA

    Mariam Riazi, Joanne K. Marcario, Frank K. Samson & Paul D. Cheney

  2. Microbiology, Molecular Genetics & Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas, KS, 66160, USA

    Himanshu Kenjale, Istvan Adany & Opendra Narayan

  3. Research Design & Analysis Unit of the Schiefelbusch Institute for Lifespan Studies, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA

    Vincent Staggs, Emily Ledford & Janet Marquis

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  1. Mariam Riazi
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  2. Joanne K. Marcario
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  10. Paul D. Cheney
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Correspondence to Paul D. Cheney.

Additional information

This work was supported by NIH grants DA12827, HD02528, and COBRE P20RR16443.

Meeting presentations: Psychoneuroimmunology Research Society, May 2007; USA-Caribbean Conference: HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse, Dec 2006; Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology, April 2006 and April 2005; Association for Research in Otolaryngology 29th MidWinter Meeting, Feb. 2006; Society for Neuroscience, Oct. 2004.

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Riazi, M., Marcario, J.K., Samson, F.K. et al. Rhesus Macaque Model of Chronic Opiate Dependence and Neuro-AIDS: Longitudinal Assessment of Auditory Brainstem Responses and Visual Evoked Potentials. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 4, 260–275 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-009-9149-3

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