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Graphene-Based THz Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Hemoglobin Detection Applicable in Forensic Science

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Abstract

In this article, we have introduced an innovative sensor configuration employing a metasurface encompassing three rectangles configured into a star-shaped structure and multiple square-graphene elements—for accurate blood analysis. The suggested sensor architecture, characterized by its hierarchical structural configuration, offers several advantages crucial for accurate and reliable detection of target biomolecules. The star-shaped pattern, meticulously constructed with specific dimensions, significantly increases the surface area exposed to target compounds, thereby enhancing sensor sensitivity. Forensic science is at the core of investigations into crimes. It is undoubtedly crucial to modern legal structures. It is a constantly growing field that is always looking for new ways to increase the level of accuracy, sensitivity, and effectiveness of evidence examination. Terahertz (THz) spectra have recently developed as a sophisticated method with incredible potential in every aspect of forensics. A critical component of this endeavor is the development of THz sensors capable of detecting hemoglobin, a crucial protein in the evaluation of blood. The proposed sensor displays a remarkable level of sensitivity, with a maximum value of 300 GHzRIU−1 and a detection limit of 1.013 RIU−1. Moreover, the sensor demonstrates its capacity to detect subtle variations through its resolutions and Figure of Merit (FOM), quantified respectively as 0.268 and 1.796 RIU−1.

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The data supporting the findings in this work are available from the corresponding author with a reasonable request.

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Funding

The authors are thankful to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Najran University for funding this work under the Research Groups Funding program grant code (NU/RG/SERC/12/2).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Marwadi University, Rajkot, 360003, Gujarat, India

    Jacob Wekalao

  2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore, 641021, Tamil Nadu, India

    Arun Kumar U

  3. Department of ECE, Karpagam Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, 641105, Tamil Nadu, India

    Gopinath S

  4. Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia

    Abdulkarem H. M. Almawgani

  5. Information Systems Department, College of Computer Sciences and Information Systems, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia

    Yahya Ali Abdelrahman Ali

  6. Department of Microbiology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, 360003, Gujarat, India

    Rinku Manvani

  7. Department of Computer Engineering, Marwadi University, Rajkot, 360003, Gujarat, India

    Shobhit K. Patel

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  1. Jacob Wekalao
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Contributions

“Conceptualization, Abdulkarem H. M. Almawgani and Shobhit K. Patel; methodology, Abdulkarem H. M. Almawgani, Shobhit K. Patel, Jacob Wekalao; Software, Jacob Wekalao, and Abdulkare H.M. Almawgani, Arunkumar U; Validation, S. Gopinath. Arunkumar U. and Yahya Ali Abdelrahman Ali; writing—original draft preparation, Jacob Wekalao and Rinku Manvani; Formal Analysis, All Authors; writing—review and editing, All Authors; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.”

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Correspondence to Shobhit K. Patel.

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Wekalao, J., U, A.K., S, G. et al. Graphene-Based THz Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Hemoglobin Detection Applicable in Forensic Science. Plasmonics (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-023-02146-8

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