Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Preliminary analysis on the source properties and seismogenic structure of the 2017 Ms7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Science China Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

At GMT time 13:19, August 8, 2017, an Ms7.0 earthquake struck the Jiuzhaigou region in Sichuan Province, China, causing severe damages and casualties. To investigate the source properties, seismogenic structures, and seismic hazards, we systematically analyzed the tectonic environment, crustal velocity structure in the source region, source parameters and rupture process, Coulomb failure stress changes, and 3-D features of the rupture plane of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. Our results indicate the following: (1) The Jiuzhaigou earthquake occurred on an unmarked fault belonging to the transition zone of the east Kunlun fault system and is located northwest of the Huya fault. (2) Both the mainshock and aftershock rupture zones are located in a region where crustal seismic velocity changes dramatically. Southeast to the source region, shear wave velocity at the middle to lower crust is significantly low, but it rapidly increases northeastward and lies close to the background velocity across the rupture fault. (3) The aftershock zone is narrow and distributes along the northwest-southeast trend, and most aftershocks occur within a depth range of 5–20 km. (4) The focal mechanism of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake indicates a left-lateral strike-slip fault, with strike, dip, and rake angles of 152°, 74° and 8°, respectively. The hypocenter depth measures 20 km, whereas the centroid depth is about 6 km. The co-seismic rupture mainly concentrates at depths of 3–13 km, with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 6.5. (5) The co-seismic rupture also strengthens the Coulomb failure stress at the two ends of the rupture fault and the east segment of the Tazang fault. Aftershocks relocation results together with geological surveys indicate that the causative fault is a near vertical fault with notable spatial variations: dip angle varies within 66°–89° from northwest to southeast and the average dip angle measures ~84°. The results of this work are of fundamental importance for further studies on the source characteristics, tectonic environment, and seismic hazard evaluation of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bai D, Unsworth M J, Meju M A, Ma X, Teng J, Kong X, Sun Y, Sun J, Wang L, Jiang C, Zhao C, Xiao P, Liu M. 2010. Crustal deformation of the eastern Tibetan Plateau revealed by magnetotelluric imaging. Nat Geosci, 3: 358–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burchfiel B C, Zhiliang C, Yupinc L, Royden L H. 1995. Tectonics of the Longmen shan and adjacent regions, central China. Int Geol Rev, 37: 661–735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burchfiel B C, Royden L H, van der Hilst R D, Hager B H, Chen Z, King R W, Li C, Lü J, Yao H, Kirby E. 2008. A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China. Gsa Today, 18: 4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen S F, Wilson C J L, Deng Q D, Zhao X L, Luo Z L. 1994. Active faulting and block movement associated with large earthquakes in the Min Shan and Longmen Mountains, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. J Geophys Res, 99: 24025–24038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng Q D, Chen S F, Zhao X L. 1994. Tectonics, seismicity and dynamics of Longmenshan mountains and its adjacent regions (in Chinese with English abstract). Seismol Geol, 16: 389–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention, China Earthquake Administration. 1995. The Catalogue of Chinese Historical Strong Earthquakes (23Century BC−1911AD) (in Chinese). Beijing: Seismological Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention, China Earthquake Administration. 1999. The Catalogue of Modern Earthquakes of China (1912AD−1990AD) (in Chinese). Beijing: Science and Technology Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Harkins N, Kirby E, Shi X, Wang E, Burbank D, Chun F. 2010. Millennial slip rates along the eastern Kunlun fault: Implications for the dynamics of intracontinental deformation in Asia. Lithosphere, 2: 247–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Z, Xu M, Wang L, Mi N, Yu D, Li H. 2008. Shear wave splitting in the southern margin of the Ordos Block, north China. Geophys Res Lett, 35: L19301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard J, Shaw J H, Klinger Y. 2010. Structural Setting of the 2008Mw7.9Wenchuan, China, Earthquake. Bull Seismological Soc Am, 100: 2713–2735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ji C, Wald D J, Helmberger D V. 2002. Source description of the 1999 Hector Mine, California, Earthquake, Part I: Wavelet domain inversion theory and resolution analysis. Bull Seismological Soc Am, 92: 1192–1207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang C, Yang Y, Zheng Y. 2014. Penetration of mid-crustal low velocity zone across the Kunlun Fault in the NE Tibetan Plateau revealed by ambient noise tomography. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 406: 81–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones L M, Han W, Hauksson E, Jin A, Zhang Y, Luo Z. 1984. Focal mechanisms and aftershock locations of the Songpan earthquakes of August 1976 in Sichuan, China. J Geophys Res, 89: 7697–7707

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby E, Harkins N, Wang E, Shi X, Fan C, Burbank D. 2007. Slip rate gradients along the eastern Kunlun fault. Tectonics, 26: TC2010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby E, Whipple K X, Tang W, Chen Z. 2003. Distribution of active rock uplift along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Inferences from bedrock channel longitudinal profiles. J Geophys Res, 108: 2217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laske G, Masters G, Ma Z, Pasyanos M. 2013. Update on CRUST1.0—A 1° Global Model of Earth’s Crust. Geophys Res Abstracts, 15, Abstract EGU2013–2658

    Google Scholar 

  • Li C X, Xu X W, Wen X Z, Zheng R Z, Chen G H, Yang H, An Y F, Gao X. 2011. Rupture segmentation and slip partitioning of the mid-eastern part of the Kunlun Fault, north Tibetan Plateau. Sci China Earth Sci, 54: 1730–1745

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li C X, Yuan D Y, Yang H, Xu X W. 2016. The tectonic activity characteristics of Awancang fault in the late quaternary, the sub-strand of the eastern Kunlun fault (in Chinese with English abstract). Seismol Geol, 38: 44–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Li H B, Van der Woerd J, Tapponnier P, Klinger Y, Qi X X, Yang J S, Zhu Y T. 2005. Slip rate on the Kunlun fault at Hongshui Gou, and recurrence time of great events comparable to the 14/11/2001, Mw~7.9 Kokoxili earthquake. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 237: 285–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Zhou R J, Densmore A L, Ellis M A. 2006. The Geology of the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Beijing: Geological Publishing House

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Gao M, Wu Q. 2014. Crustal thickness map of the Chinese mainland from teleseismic receiver functions. Tectonophysics, 611: 51–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin A, Guo J. 2008. Nonuniform slip rate and millennial recurrence interval of large earthquakes along the eastern segment of the Kunlun fault, northern Tibet. Bull Seismological Soc Am, 98: 2866–2878

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu C, Zheng Y, Xiong X, Wang R. 2015. Rupture process of the 23O ctober 2011Mw7.1 Van earthquake in eastern Turkey by joint inversion of teleseismic, GPS and strong-motion data. Pure Appl Geophys, 172: 1383–1396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Q Y, van der Hilst R D, Li Y, Yao H J, Chen J H, Guo B, Qi S H, Wang J, Huang H, Li S C. 2014. Eastward expansion of the Tibetan Plateau by crustal flow and strain partitioning across faults. Nat Geosci, 7: 361–365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luo Y, Zeng X F, Ni S D. 2013. Progress on the determination of focal depth (in Chinese with English abstract). Progr Geophys, 28: 309–2321

    Google Scholar 

  • Molnar P, Tapponnier P. 1975. Cenozoic Tectonics of Asia: Effects of a Continental Collision: Features of recent continental tectonics in Asia can be interpreted as results of the India-Eurasia collision. Science, 189: 419–426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ren J, Xu X, Yeats R S, Zhang S. 2013a. Latest Quaternary paleoseismology and slip rates of the Longriba fault zone, eastern Tibet: Implications for fault behavior and strain partitioning. Tectonics, 32: 216–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ren J, Xu X, Yeats R S, Zhang S. 2013b. Millennial slip rates of the Tazang fault, the eastern termination of Kunlun fault: Implications for strain partitioning in eastern Tibet. Tectonophysics, 608: 1180–1200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Royden L H, Burchfiel B C, King R W, Wang E, Chen Z L, Shen F, Liu Y P. 1997. Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet. Science, 276: 788–790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Royden L H, Burchfiel B C, van der Hilst R D. 2008. The geological evolution of the Tibetan plateau. Science, 321: 1054–1058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shan B, Xiong X, Wang R, Zheng Y, Yadav R B S. 2015. Stress evolution and seismic hazard on the Maqin-Maqu segment of East Kunlun Fault zone from co-, post- and interseismic stress changes. Geophys J Int, 200: 244–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shan B, Xiong X, Zheng Y, Jin B K, Liu C L, Xie Z J, Hsu H T. 2013. Stress changes on major faults caused by 2013 Lushan earthquake and its relationship with 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Sci China Earth Sci, 56: 1169–1176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shan B, Zheng Y, Liu C L, Xie Z J, Kong J. 2017. Coseismic Coulomb failure stress changes caused by the 2017 M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake, and its relationship with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Sci China Earth Sci, 60: 2181–2189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen W, Ritzwoller M H, Kang D, Kim Y H, Lin F C, Ning J, Wang W, Zheng Y, Zhou L. 2016. A seismic reference model for the crust and uppermost mantle beneath China from surface wave dispersion. Geophys J Int, 206: 954–979

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan Y, Zhu L, Helmberger D V, Saikia C K. 2006. Locating and modeling regional earthquakes with two stations. J Geophys Res, 111: B01306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tapponnier P, Peltzer G, Le Dain A Y, Armijo R, Cobbold P. 1982. Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: New insights from simple experiments with plasticine. Geology, 10: 611–616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Woerd J, Ryerson F J, Tapponnier P, Meriaux A S, Gaudemer Y, Meyer B, Finkel R C, Caffee M W, Zhao G G, Xu Z Q. 2000. Uniform slip-rate along the Kunlun Fault: Implications for seismic behaviour and large-scale tectonics. Geophys Res Lett, 27: 2353–2356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Woerd J, Tapponnier P, Ryerson F J, Meriaux A S, Meyer B, Gaudemer Y, Finkel R C, Caffee M W, Zhao G G, Xu Z Q. 2002. Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central 600 km of the Kunlun Fault (Tibet), from 26Al, 10Be, and 14C dating of riser offsets, and climatic origin of the regional morphology. Geophys J Int, 148: 356–388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waldhauser F, Ellsworth W L. 2000. A double-difference earthquake location algorithm: Method and application to the northern Hayward fault, California. Bull Seismological Soc Am, 90: 1353–1368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang M, Jia D, Shaw J H, Hubbard J, Plesch A, Li Y, Liu B. 2014. The 2013 Lushan earthquake: Implications for seismic hazards posed by the Range Front blind thrust in the Sichuan Basin, China. Geology, 42: 915–918

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells D L, Coppersmith K J. 1994. New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement. Bull Seismol Soc Amer, 84: 974–1002

    Google Scholar 

  • Wen X Z, Du F, Zhang P Z, Long F. 2011. Correlation of major earthquake sequences on the northern and eastern boundaries of the Bayan Har block, and its relation to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (in Chinese with English abstract). Chin J Geophys, 54: 706–716

    Google Scholar 

  • Wen X, Yi G, Xu X. 2007. Background and precursory seismicities along and surrounding the Kunlun fault before the Ms8.1, 2001, Kokoxili earthquake, China. J Asian Earth Sci, 30: 63–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie Z J, Jin B K, Zheng Y, Ge C, Xiong X, Xiong C, Hsu H T. 2013. Source parameters inversion of the 2013 Lushan earthquake by combining teleseismic waveforms and local seismograms. Sci China Earth Sci, 56: 1177–1186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie Z, Zheng Y, Liu C, Xiong X, Li Y, Zheng X. 2015. Source Parameters of the 2014 Ms6.5 Ludian Earthquake Sequence and Their Implications on the Seismogenic Structure. Seismological Res Lett, 86: 1614–1621

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong X, Shan B, Zheng Y, Wang R. 2010. Stress transfer and its implication for earthquake hazard on the Kunlun Fault, Tibet. Tectonophysics, 482: 216–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X W, Wen X Z, Han Z J, Chen G H, Li C Y, Zheng W J, Zhnag S M, Ren Z Q, Xu C, Tan X B, Wei Z Y, Wang M M, Ren J J, He Z T, Liang M J. 2013. Lushan Ms7.0 earthquake: A blind reserve-fault event. Chin Sci Bull, 58: 3437–3443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Wen X, Yu G, Chen G, Klinger Y, Hubbard J, Shaw J. 2009. Coseismic reverse- and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Geology, 37: 515–518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X W, Yu G H, Ma W T, Chen W B, Wen X Z. 2003. Model of latest crustal tectonic motion of the central tectonic zone on the mainland of China (in Chinese with English abstract). Earth Science Frontiers, 10 (Suppl): 160–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu X W, Zhang P Z, Wen X Z, Qin Z L, Chen G H, Zhu A L. 2005. Features of active tectonics and recurrence behaviors of strong earthquakes in the western Sichuan province and its adjacent regions (in Chinese with English abstract). Seimol Geol, 27: 446–461

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Ritzwoller M H, Zheng Y, Shen W, Levshin A L, Xie Z. 2012. A synoptic view of the distribution and connectivity of the mid-crustal low velocity zone beneath Tibet. J Geophys Res, 117: B04303

    Google Scholar 

  • Yao H. 2012. Lithospheric structure and deformation in SE Tibet revealed by ambient noise and earthquake surface wave tomography: Recent advances and perspectives. Earthq Sci, 25: 371–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yao H, van der Hilst R D, Montagner J P. 2010. Heterogeneity and anisotropy of the lithosphere of SE Tibet from surface wave array tomography. J Geophys Res, 115: B12307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeats R S. 2012. Active Faults of the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J L. 2017. On fault evidence for a large earthquake in the late fifteenth century, Eastern Kunlun fault, China. J Seismol, 21: 1397–1405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang P Z. 2013. A review on active tectonics and deep crustal processes of the Western Sichuan region, eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonophysics, 584: 7–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang P Z, Molnar P, Xu X. 2007. Late Quaternary and present-day rates of slip along the Altyn Tagh Fault, northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics, 26: TC5010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang P Z, Wen X Z, Shen Z K, Chen J H. 2010. Oblique, high-angle, listric-reverse faulting and associated development of strain: The Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008, Sichuan, China. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci, 38: 353–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y Q, Yang N, Shi W, Dong S W. 2008. Neotectonics of eastern Tibet and its control on the Wenchuan earthquake (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Geolog Sin, 82: 1668–1678

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao G, Unsworth M J, Zhan Y, Wang L, Chen X, Jones A G, Tang J, Xiao Q, Wang J, Cai J, Li T, Wang Y, Zhang J. 2012. Crustal structure and rheology of the Longmenshan and Wenchuan Mw7.9 earthquake epicentral area from magnetotelluric data. Geology, 40: 1139–1142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao L S, Helmberger D V. 1994. Source estimation from broadband regional seismograms. Bull Seismol Soc Am, 84: 91–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng W J, Yuan D Y, He W G, Min W, Ren Z K, Liu X W, Wang A G, Xu C, Ge W P, Li F. 2013. Geometric pattern and active tectonics in Southeastern Gansu province: Discussion on seismogenic mechanism of the Minxian-Zhangxian Ms6.6 earthquake on July 22, 2013 (in Chinese with English abtract). Chin J Geophys, 56: 4058–4071

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng X F, Yao Z X, Liang J H, Zheng J. 2010. The role played and opportunities provided by IGP DMC of China National Seismic Network in Wenchuan earthquake disaster relief and researches. Bull Seismol Soc Am, 100: 2866–2872

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng Y, Ge C, Xie Z J, Yang Y J, Xiong X, Hsu H T. 2013. Crustal and upper mantle structure and the deep seismogenic environment in the source regions of the Lushan earthquake and the Wenchuan earthquake. Sci China Earth Sci, 56: 1158–1168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng Y, Li J, Xie Z, Ritzwoller M H. 2012. 5Hz GPS seismology of the El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake: Estimating the earthquake focal mechanism. Geophys J Int, 190: 1723–1732

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng Y, Ma H S, Lü J, Ni S D, Li Y C, Wei S J. 2009. Source mechanism of strong aftershocks (Ms5.6) of the 2008/05/12 Wenchuan earthquake and the implication for seismotectonics. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 52: 739–753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng Y, Ni S, Xie Z, Lv J, Ma H, Sommerville P. 2010a. Strong aftershocks in the northern segment of the Wenchuan earthquake rupture zone and their seismotectonic implications. Earth Planet Sp, 62: 881–886

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng Y, Yang Y, Ritzwoller M H, Zheng X, Xiong X, Li Z. 2010b. Crustal structure of the northeastern Tibetan plateau, the Ordos block and the Sichuan basin from ambient noise tomography. Earthq Sci, 23: 465–476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu L P, Helmberger D V. 1996. Advancement in source estimation techniques using broadband regional seismograms. Bull Seismol Soc Am, 86: 1634–1641

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu L, Rivera L A. 2002. A note on the dynamic and static displacements from a point source in multilayered media. Geophys J Int, 148: 619–627

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to the associate editor Prof. Ling Chen, and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions that greatly improved the manuscript. We gratefully acknowledge the support by the Monitoring and Forecasting Department, CEA. All regional seismic waveform data used in this study were provided by the Data Management Centre of China National Seismic Network at Institute of Geophysics (doi: 10.11998/SeisDmc/SN), China National Seismic Network, CEA and Sichuan Earthquake Administration. Teleseismic data were obtained from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology Data Management Center (IRIS-DMC). The figures were drawn by GMT software. The work was jointly funded by the Seismological Bureau Spark Program Project (Grant No. XH15007), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41604058, 41574057, 41621091), and the Sichuan-Yunnan National Seismological Monitoring and Prediction Experimental Station Project (Grant No. 2016CESE0204).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hubei Subsurface Multi-scale Imaging Key Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Zujun Xie, Yong Zheng, Chengli Liu & Bin Shan

  2. State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth’s Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430077, China

    Zujun Xie

  3. Laboratory of Seismology and Physics of Earth’s Interior, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

    Huajian Yao

  4. Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, 100081, China

    Lihua Fang

  5. School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China

    Yong Zhang

  6. College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China

    Maomao Wang

  7. State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, 100029, China

    Huiping Zhang

  8. Key Laboratory of Crustal Dynamics, Institute of Crustal Dynamics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, 100085, China

    Junjie Ren

  9. Second Crust Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, Xi’an, 710054, China

    Lingyun Ji

  10. National Scientific Field Observatory of Continental Rift Dynamics in Taiyuan, Shanxi Seismic Bureau, Taiyuan, 030021, China

    Meiqin Song

Authors
  1. Zujun Xie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yong Zheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Huajian Yao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Lihua Fang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yong Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Chengli Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Maomao Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Bin Shan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Huiping Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Junjie Ren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Lingyun Ji
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Meiqin Song
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yong Zheng.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Xie, Z., Zheng, Y., Yao, H. et al. Preliminary analysis on the source properties and seismogenic structure of the 2017 Ms7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake. Sci. China Earth Sci. 61, 339–352 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-017-9161-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-017-9161-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation