Abstract
A magnetic reduced graphene oxide composite (MRGO) was successfully prepared by a simple and green method. MRGO was then used as an adsorbent and found to exhibit enhanced removal efficiency for various chlorophenols (CPs) from water compared with its precursors, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide. The CPs were o-chlorophenol, p-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Among them, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, which exhibited the lowest water solubility and highest molecular weight, most easily bound to MRGO. The preferential interactions between MRGO and CPs were hydrophobic interactions (π-π stacking and hydrophobic effect). This result was confirmed by the equilibrium adsorption behavior in which isotherms were all well described by Freudlich model, indicating heterogeneous and multilayer adsorption. Therefore, CP adsorption was more favored under neutral and acidic conditions, and the decreased removal efficiency of MRGO at higher pH levels was due to the improved hydrophilicity of CPs for deprotonation effect. Moreover, MRGO showed fast removal of each CP, achieving adsorption equilibrium within 10.0 min, presented efficient separation from water under an external magnetic field, and was easily regenerated using dilute NaOH aqueous solution after reaching saturated adsorption. Adsorption capacity of the regenerated MRGO had almost no loss until after five cycles. In summary, MRGO was an efficient adsorbent for the removal of various CPs and had considerable application potential in water treatment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ramos ME, Bonelli PR, Cukierman AL, Ribeiro Carrott MML, Carrott PJM. J Hazard Mater, 2010; 177: 175–182
Kemp KC, Seema H, Saleh M, Le NH, Mahesh K, Chandra V, Kim KS. iNanoscale, 2013; 5: 3149–3171
Chen GC, Shan XQ, Wang YS, Wen B, Pei ZG, Xie YN, Liu T, Pignatello JJ. Water Res, 2009; 43: 2409–2418
Pei ZG, Li LY, Sun LX, Zhang SZ, Shan SQ, Yang S, Wen B. Carbon, 2013; 51: 156–163
Simate GS, Iyuke SE, Ndlovu S, Heydenrych M. Water Res, 2012; 46: 1185–1197
Lim SL, Chu WL, Phang SM. Bioresour Technol, 2010; 101: 7314–7322
Madsen HT. Membrane Filtration in Water Treatment Removal of Micropollutants. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2014. 199–248
Pan BC, Wan SL, Zhang SJ, Guo QW, Xu ZC, Lv L, Zhang WM. Sci China Chem, 2014; 57: 763–771
Chi FT, Hu S, Xiong J, Wang XL. Sci China Chem, 2013; 56: 1495–1503
Yang RT. Adsorbents: Fundamentals and Applications. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2003
Yan H, Li HJ, Tao X, Li K, Yang H, Li AM, Xiao SJ, Cheng RS. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2014; 6: 9871–9880
Crini G, Badot PM. Prog Polym Sci, 2008; 33: 399–447
Hsu NH, Wang SL, Lin YC, Sheng GD, Lee JF. Environ Sci Technol, 2009; 43: 8801–8806
Luo Y, Huang JG. Sci China Chem, 2014; 57: 1672–1682
Wang WB, Wang AQ. Carbohydr Polym, 2010; 82: 83–91
Chowdhury S, Balasubramanian R. Adv Colloid Interface Sci, 2014; 204: 35–56
Chen H, Shao D, Li J, Wang XK. Chem Eng J, 2014, 254: 623–634
Zhao G, Li J, Ren X, Chen C, Wang XK. Environ Sci Technol, 2011, 45: 10454–10462
Sun Y, Shao D, Chen C, Yang S, Wang XK. Environ Sci Technol, 2013; 47: 9904–9910
Hu R, Shao D, Wang XK. Polym Chem, 2014; 5: 6207–6215
Dreyer DR, Park S, Bielawski CW, Ruoff RS. Chem Soc Rev, 2010; 39: 228–240
Zhao G, Wen T, Chen C, Wang XK. Synthesis of graphene-based nanomaterials and their application in energy-related and environmental-related areas. RSC Adv, 2012; 2: 9286–9303
Zhao J, Wang Z, White JC, Xing BS. Environ Sci Technol, 2014; 48: 9995–10009
Gomez-Navarro C, Meyer JC, Sundaram RS, Chuvilin A, Kurasch S, Burghard M, Kern K, Kaiser U. Nano Lett, 2010; 10: 1144–1148
Zhao G, Jiang L, He Y, Li J, Dong H, Wang XK, Hu W. Adv Mater, 2011; 23: 3959–3963
Sun Y, Yang S, Zhao G, Wang Q, Wang XK. Chem-Asian J, 2013; 8: 2755–2761
Compton OC, Nguyen ST. Small, 2010; 6: 711–723
Pei S, Cheng HM. Carbon, 2012; 50: 3210–3228
Ngomsik AF, Bee A, Siaugue JM, Talbot D, Cabuil V, Cote G. J Hazard Mater, 2009; 166: 1043–1049
Fernández-Merino MJ, Guardia L, Paredes JI, Villar-Rodil S, Solís-Fernández P, Martínez-Alonso A, Tascon JMD. J Phys Chem C, 2010; 114: 6426–6432
Dean JA. Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999
Hummers WSJ, Offeman RE. J Am Chem Soc, 1958, 80: 1339
Montes-Navajas P, Asenjo NG, Santamaria R, Menendez R, Corma A, Garcia H. Langmuir, 2013, 29: 13443–13448
Tuinstra F. J Chem Phys, 1970; 53: 1126–1130
Talyzin AV, Hausmaninger T, You S, Szabo T. Nanoscale, 2014; 6: 272–281
Yao Y, Yang Z, Zhang D, Peng W, Sun H, Wang S. Ind Eng Chem Res, 2012; 51: 6044–6051
Rodriguez-Perez L, Herranz MA, Martin N. Chem Commun, 2013; 49: 3721–3735
Verwey EJW, Overbeek JTG. J Colloid Sci, 1955; 10: 224–225
Ahmed SM. Canadian J Chem, 1966; 44: 1663–1670
Yang K, Xing BS. Chem Rev, 2010; 110: 5989–6008
Wang F, Haftka JJ, Sinnige TL, Hermens JL, Chen W. Environ Pollut, 2014; 186: 226–233
Xu L, Li J, Zhang M. Ind Eng Chem Res, 2015; 54: 2379–2384
Ihsanullah A, Asmaly HA, Saleh TA, Laoui T, Gupta VK, Atieh MA. J Mol Liq, 2015; 206: 176–182
Langmuir I. J Am Chem Soc, 1918; 40: 1361–1403
Freundlich H. Z Phys Chem, 1907; 57: 385–470
Wang J, Chen Z, Chen B. Environ Sci Technol, 2014; 48: 4817–4825
Cheung CW, McKay G. Sep Purif Technol, 2005; 19: 55–64
Chang J, Woo H, Ko MS, Lee J, Lee S, Yun ST, Lee S. J Hazard Mater, 2015; 296: 30–36
Daraei H, Kamali H. Am J Environ Prot, 2014; 3: 144–151
Li X, Gai F, Guan B, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Huo Q. J Mater Chem, 2015, A3: 3988–3994
Lagergren S. Kung Sven Veten Hand, 1898; 24: 1–39
McKay G, Ho YS. Chem Eng J, 1998; 70: 115–124
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yan, H., Du, Q., Yang, H. et al. Efficient removal of chlorophenols from water with a magnetic reduced graphene oxide composite. Sci. China Chem. 59, 350–359 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-015-5482-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-015-5482-y