Abstract
Purpose
Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice can be regulated by applying sulfur (S) fertilizers and water management, but the mechanism and the effect on soil microorganisms are unclear. This study aims to clarify the effect of sulfur forms on rice Cd accumulation and soil microbial community structure under different irrigation regimes.
Methods
The present study investigated the effects of sulfur fertilizers (S0 and Na2SO4) and water management by continuous flooding (flooded) and intermittent flooding and draining (Int-F3D5) on soil Cd bioavailability and the microbial community structure using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDS), and 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology.
Results
When flooded, S0 and Na2SO4 increased the dry weight of rice grain 2.3- and 0.9-fold, respectively, and reduced the Cd concentration by 152% and 61%, respectively. The ascorbic citrate acetic (ACA) extractable Fe content from flooded rice surface treated with S0 and Na2SO4 increased by 98% and 64%, respectively, indicating that the S fertilizer promoted iron plaque formation on the surfaces of rice roots. Gammaproteobacteria were the most predominant under all management conditions. Syntrophobacteraceae and Geobacter were particularly abundant in the rice rhizosphere treated with Int-F3D5 and exogenous Na2SO4, and it might play a crucial role in alleviating Cd stress caused by S fertilizer.
Conclusion
Under flooded conditions, S0 had a more significant effect on the reduction of cadmium uptake by rice. Sulfur fertilizers promoted iron plaque formation partially to hinder Cd accumulation. Under Int-F3D5 conditions, Na2SO4 recruited more beneficial rhizosphere bacteria, which may be a potential mechanism of reducing Cd transfer from soil to rice.
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Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- ACA:
-
Ascorbic-citric-acetic acid
- DTPA:
-
Diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid
- EDTA:
-
Ethylene diamaine tetraacetic acid
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- PCs:
-
Phytochelatins
- ICP-MS:
-
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
- SEM-EDS:
-
Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry
- LDA:
-
Least discriminant analysis
- LSD:
-
Least significant difference
- PCoA:
-
Principal coordinate analysis
- SOB:
-
S-oxidizing bacteria
- SRB:
-
S-reducing bacteria
- PERMANOVA:
-
Permutational multivariate analysis of variance
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The present study was financially supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number LZ22D010004), the National Nature Science Foundation of China (grant number 41401366), and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant number 2016YFD0800805 and 2017YFD0801303).
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Yili Zang and Jie Zhao: methodology, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft, writing—review, and editing. Weikang Chen: methodology, formal analysis, investigation, and visualization. Lingli Lu: writing—review and editing, supervision. Jiuzhou Chen: formal analysis and investigation. Zhi Lin: investigation. Yabei Qiao: investigation. Haizhong Lin: writing—review, and editing. Shengke Tian: conceptualization, supervision, funding acquisition, and project administration.
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Zang, Y., Zhao, J., Chen, W. et al. Sulfur and water management mediated iron plaque and rhizosphere microorganisms reduced cadmium accumulation in rice. J Soils Sediments 23, 3177–3190 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03537-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03537-4