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Health effects of fine particulate matter in life cycle impact assessment: findings from the Basel Guidance Workshop

  • LCIA OF IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH AND ECOSYSTEMS
  • Published:
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is considered to be one of the most important environmental factors contributing to the global human disease burden. However, due to the lack of broad consensus and harmonization in the life cycle assessment (LCA) community, there is no clear guidance on how to consistently include health effects from PM2.5 exposure in LCA practice. As a consequence, different models are currently used to assess life cycle impacts for PM2.5, sometimes leading to inconsistent results. In a global effort initiated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Life Cycle Initiative, respiratory inorganics’ impacts expressed as health effects from PM2.5 exposure were selected as one of the initial impact categories to undergo review with the goal of providing global guidance for implementation in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). The goal of this paper is to summarize the current knowledge and practice for assessing health effects from PM2.5 exposure and to provide recommendations for their consistent integration into LCIA.

Methods

A task force on human health impacts was convened to build the framework for consistently quantifying health effects from PM2.5 exposure and for recommending PM2.5 characterization factors. In an initial Guidance Workshop, existing literature was reviewed and input from a broad range of internationally recognized experts was obtained and discussed. Workshop objectives were to identify the main scientific questions and challenges for quantifying health effects from PM2.5 exposure and to provide initial guidance to the impact quantification process.

Results and discussion

A set of 10 recommendations was developed addressing (a) the general framework for assessing PM2.5-related health effects, (b) approaches and data to estimate human exposure to PM2.5 using intake fractions, and (c) approaches and data to characterize exposure-response functions (ERFs) for PM2.5 and to quantify severity of the diseases attributed to PM2.5 exposure. Despite these advances, a number of complex issues, such as those related to nonlinearity of the ERF and the possible need to provide different ERFs for use in different geographical regions, require further analysis.

Conclusions and outlook

Questions of how to refine and improve the overall framework were analyzed. Data and models were proposed for harmonizing various elements of the health impact pathways for PM2.5. Within the next two years, our goal is to build a global guidance framework and to determine characterization factors that are more reliable for incorporating the health effects from exposure to PM2.5 into LCIA. Ideally, this will allow quantification of the impacts of both indoor and outdoor exposures to PM2.5.

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Notes

  1. http://www.lifecycleinitiative.org/activities/phase-iii

  2. PM2.5 concentrations can be converted to intake using the breathing rate of the exposed population. How to average the breathing rate for different activities, age, etc. remains to be further discussed.

  3. http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environment-and-health/air-quality/activities/health-aspects-of-air-pollution-and-review-of-eu-policies-the-revihaap-and-hrapie-projects

  4. Pellston Workshops are preeminent workshops held by the SETAC, each of which brings together leading scientists from academia, business, and governments around the world and focuses on a relevant environmental topic with proceedings published as a peer-reviewed report, book, or journal article compilation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Division, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

    Peter Fantke

  2. School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Olivier Jolliet

  3. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    John S. Evans

  4. Cyprus International Institute for Environment and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, 3041, Limassol, Cyprus

    John S. Evans

  5. Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    Joshua S. Apte

  6. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, 02110, USA

    Aaron J. Cohen

  7. National Institute for Health and Welfare, 70701, Kuopio, Finland

    Otto O. Hänninen, Matti J. Jantunen & Jouni T. Tuomisto

  8. Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK

    Fintan Hurley & Brian G. Miller

  9. School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    Michael Jerrett & Thomas E. McKone

  10. School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA

    Jonathan I. Levy

  11. Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA

    Miranda M. Loh

  12. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA

    Julian D. Marshall

  13. econcept AG, 8002, Zurich, Switzerland

    Philipp Preiss

  14. Basque Centre for Climate Change, 48008, Bilbao Bizkaia, Spain

    Joseph V. Spadaro

  15. Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-447, Warsaw, Poland

    Marko Tainio

  16. UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Marko Tainio

  17. Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA

    Charles J. Weschler

  18. International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

    Charles J. Weschler

  19. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    Thomas E. McKone

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  1. Peter Fantke
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  19. Thomas E. McKone
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Correspondence to Peter Fantke.

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Responsible editor: Michael Z. Hauschild

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Fantke, P., Jolliet, O., Evans, J.S. et al. Health effects of fine particulate matter in life cycle impact assessment: findings from the Basel Guidance Workshop. Int J Life Cycle Assess 20, 276–288 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-014-0822-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-014-0822-2

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