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Secondary metabolites responses of plants exposed to ozone: an update

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Abstract

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a secondary pollutant that causes oxidative stress in plants due to the generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). Phenylpropanoid metabolism is induced as a usual response to stress in plants, and induction of key enzyme activities and accumulation of secondary metabolites occur, upon O3 exposure to provide resistance or tolerance. The phenylpropanoid, isoprenoid, and alkaloid pathways are the major secondary metabolic pathways from which plant defense metabolites emerge. Chronic exposure to O3 significantly accelerates the direction of carbon flows toward secondary metabolic pathways, resulting in a resource shift in favor of the synthesis of secondary products. Furthermore, since different cellular compartments have different levels of ROS sensitivity and metabolite sets, intracellular compartmentation of secondary antioxidative metabolites may play a role in O3-induced ROS detoxification. Plants’ responses to resource partitioning often result in a trade-off between growth and defense under O3 stress. These metabolic adjustments help the plants to cope with the stress as well as for achieving new homeostasis. In this review, we discuss secondary metabolic pathways in response to O3 in plant species including crops, trees, and medicinal plants; and how the presence of this stressor affects their role as ROS scavengers and structural defense. Furthermore, we discussed how O3 affects key physiological traits in plants, foliar chemistry, and volatile emission, which affects plant–plant competition (allelopathy), and plant–insect interactions, along with an emphasis on soil dynamics, which affect the composition of soil communities via changing root exudation, litter decomposition, and other related processes.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Head of Department of Botany, and Co-ordinators, CAS in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Aditya Abha Singh greatly acknowledges the University Grants Commission, Government of India for the financial support as UGC-BSR start-up grant no.F.30-578/2021(BSR). Aditya Abha Singh is also thankful to the Head of Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi is also being acknowledged for granting ‘Emeritus Scientist’ scheme to Prof. Shashi Bhushan Agrawal.

Funding

Author A has received research support from UGC-BSR start-up grant no.F.30-578/2021(BSR) and author D has received financial support from The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in the form of ‘Emeritus Scientist’ Scheme.

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  1. Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, -226007, Lucknow, India

    Aditya Abha Singh

  2. Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India

    Annesha Ghosh, Madhoolika Agrawal & Shashi Bhushan Agrawal

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Contributions

Aditya Abha Singh: material preparation, data collection, and writing original draft; Annesha Ghosh: material preparation, data collection, and writing original draft; Madhoolika Agrawal: writing review and editing; Shashi Bhushan Agrawal: conceptualization, writing—review and editing, and supervision. Aditya Abha Singh and Annesha Ghosh contributed to the study conception and design. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Shashi Bhushan Agrawal.

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Singh, .A., Ghosh, A., Agrawal, M. et al. Secondary metabolites responses of plants exposed to ozone: an update. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 88281–88312 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28634-2

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