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Alginate@Fe3O4@Bentonite nanocomposite for formaldehyde removal from synthetic and real effluent: optimization by central composite design

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Abstract

In this study, Alginate@ Fe3O4/Bentonite nanocomposite was utilized to eliminate formaldehyde from wastewater. Structural features of bentonite, bentonite@Fe3O4, and Alginate@Fe3O4@Bentonite were determined using FT-IR, PXRD, Mapping, EDX, TEM, SEM, VSM, and BET analyses. The central composite design method was employed to find the optimal conditions for formaldehyde removal using Alg@Fe3O4@Bent nanocomposite. The maximum formaldehyde uptake efficiency (94.56%) was obtained at formaldehyde concentration of 10.69 ppm, the nanocomposite dose of 1.28 g/L, and pH of 9.96 after 16.53 min. Also, Alginate@Fe3O4@Bentonite composite was used to eliminate formaldehyde from Razi petrochemical wastewater and was able to eliminate 91.24% of formaldehyde, 70% of COD, and 68.9% of BOD5. The isotherm and kinetic investigations demonstrated that the formaldehyde uptake process by the foresaid adsorbent follows the Langmuir isotherm and quasi-first-order kinetic models, respectively. Also, the maximum uptake capacity was obtained at 50.25 mg/g. Moreover, the formaldehyde uptake process by the aforementioned nanocomposite was exothermic and spontaneous. Furthermore, the formaldehyde adsorption efficiency decreased slightly after six reuse cycles (less than 10%), indicating that Alginate@Fe3O4@Bentonite nanocomposite has remarkable recyclability. Besides, the influence of interfering ions like nitrate, carbonate, chloride, phosphate, and sulfate was studied on the formaldehyde removal efficiency and the results displayed that all ions except nitrate ion have low interaction with formaldehyde (less than 3% reduction in removal efficiency).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environment, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran

    Hossein Khaleghi, Neamatollah Jaafarzadeh & Bahman Ramavandi

  2. Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

    Neamatollah Jaafarzadeh

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran

    Hossein Esmaeili

  4. Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran

    Bahman Ramavandi

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  1. Hossein Khaleghi
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Contributions

Hossein Khaleghi: Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Software.

Hossein Esmaeili: Supervision, Project administration, Validation, Data curation, Methodology, Writing, Writing-review and editing.

Neamatollah Jaafarzadeh: Supervision, Data curation, Methodology.

Bahman Ramavandi: Advisor, Data curation, Methodology.

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Correspondence to Hossein Esmaeili.

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Khaleghi, H., Jaafarzadeh, N., Esmaeili, H. et al. Alginate@Fe3O4@Bentonite nanocomposite for formaldehyde removal from synthetic and real effluent: optimization by central composite design. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 29566–29580 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24189-w

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