Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic non-essential heavy metal. Chronic low Cd exposure (CLCE) has been associated with distinct pathologies in many organ systems, including liver and kidney damage, osteoporosis, carcinogenicity, or reproductive toxicity. Currently, about 10% of the global population is at risk of CLCE. It is urgent to find robust and effective biomarkers for early diagnosis of Cd exposure and treatment. Metabolomics is a high-throughput method based on mass spectrometry to study the dynamic changes in a series of endogenous small molecular metabolites (typically < 1000 Da) of tissues, cells, or biofluids. It can reflect the rich and complex biochemical changes in the body after exposure to heavy metals, which may be useful in screening biomarkers to monitor exposure to environmental pollutants and/or predict disease risk. Therefore, this review focuses on the changes in metabolic profiles of humans and rodents under long-term Cd exposure from the perspective of metabolomics. Furthermore, the relationship between the disturbance of metabolic pathways and the toxic mechanism of Cd is discussed. All these information will facilitate the development of reliable metabolic biomarkers for early detection and diagnosis of Cd-related diseases.
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Abbreviations
- AA :
-
Arachidonic acid
- BCd :
-
Blood cadmium
- BW :
-
Body weight
- Ca :
-
Calcium
- CAT :
-
Catalase
- Cd :
-
Cadmium
- α-CEHC :
-
2,5,7,8-Tetramethyl-2(2’-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman
- CLCE :
-
Chronic low Cd exposure
- Cr :
-
Creatinine
- Cu :
-
Cuprum
- DMT1 :
-
Divalent metal transporter 1
- Co :
-
Cobalt
- ER :
-
Endoplasmic reticulum
- ETC :
-
Electron transport chain
- Fe :
-
Ferrum
- GBA :
-
4-Guanidinobutanoic acid
- GLCA :
-
Glycolithocholic acid
- GPX :
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- GR :
-
Glutathione reductase
- GSA :
-
Guanidinosuccinic acid
- GSH :
-
Glutathione
- GUDCA :
-
Glycoursodeoxycholic acid
- HCE :
-
High cadmium exposure
- LPA :
-
Lysophosphatidic acid
- LysoPC :
-
Lysophosphatidylcholine
- LysoPE :
-
Lysophosphatidylethanolamine
- β2-MG :
-
β2-Microglobulin
- Mn :
-
Manganese
- MT :
-
Metallothionein
- NAG :
-
N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase
- PAG :
-
Phenylacetylglycine
- PAH :
-
4-Aminohippuric acid
- PC :
-
Phosphatidylcholine
- PGE2 :
-
Prostaglandin E2
- PLA2 :
-
PhospholipaseA2
- PLD1 :
-
Phospholipase D1
- ROS :
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SOD :
-
Superoxide dismutase
- TCA :
-
Tricarboxylic acid
- TDCA :
-
Taurodeoxycholic acid
- TLCA :
-
Taurolithocholic acid
- TRPV :
-
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member
- UCd :
-
Urinary cadmium
- Zn :
-
Zinc
- ZIP :
-
Zinc transporter
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We would like to thank members of the Lau And Xu laboratory for the critical reading of this manuscript.
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This work was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31771582 and 31271445), the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation of China (2017A030313131), the “Thousand, Hundred, and Ten” Project of the Department of Education of Guangdong Province of China, the Basic and Applied Research Major Projects of Guangdong Province of China (2017KZDXM035 and 2018KZDXM036), the “Yang Fan” Project of Guangdong Province of China (Andy T. Y. Lau-2016 and Yan-Ming Xu-2015), and the Shantou Medical Health Science and Technology Plan (200624165260857).
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Chen, XX., Xu, YM. & Lau, A.T.Y. Metabolic effects of long-term cadmium exposure: an overview. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 89874–89888 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23620-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23620-6