Abstract
Bio-mediated calcite precipitation potential for multiple heavy metal immobilization in contaminated soils at industrial, waste dump, abandoned mine, and landfill sites is not explored yet. This study includes investigation of bio-mediated calcite precipitation for strength improvement and immobilization of heavy metals, specifically lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), in contaminated soils. Firstly, the toxicity resistance of bacteria against different concentrations (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 mg/l) of each heavy metals was investigated and observed that Pb and Cr were less toxic to Sporosarcina pasteurii than Zn. The poorly graded sand was spiked with 333–2000 mg/kg concentrations of a selected individual or mixed metal solutions, i.e., 1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg individual concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cr(VI); 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg concentration of each metal in “Pb and Zn,” “Pb and Cr(VI),” and “Zn and Cr(VI)” mixture of heavy metals; and 333 mg/kg and 666 mg/kg concentration of each metal in “Pb, Zn, and Cr(VI)” mixed metal concentration. Contaminated soil was biotreated with Sporosarcina pasteurii and cementation (a solution of urea and calcium chloride dihydrate) solutions for 18 days. Biocemented sand specimens were subjected to testing of hydraulic conductivity, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), calcite content, pH, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The heavy metal contaminated samples showed decrease in hydraulic conductivity and increase in UPV and UCS after biotreatment; however, the changes in engineering properties were found more moderate than clean biocemented sand. The conversion of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) followed by Cr2O3 precipitation in calcite lattice was observed. Zn was precipitated as smithsonite (ZnCO3), while no Pb precipitate was identified in XRD results. TCLP leaching showed Pb and Cr immobilized proportional to calcite precipitated amount, and higher calcite amounts yielded levels within regulatory limits. Pb and Cr(VI) immobilization up to 92 % and 94 % was achieved, respectively, in contaminated biocemented sand. Zn was found completely leachable as smithsonite is only stable down to pH~5, and strongly acidic TCLP solution reversed all immobilization at natural soil pH~8–9.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable
Abbreviations
- UPV:
-
Ultrasonic pulse velocity
- UCS:
-
Unconfined compressive strength
- TCLP:
-
Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
- XRD:
-
X-ray diffraction
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscopy
- PPCP:
-
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products
- MICP:
-
Microbially induced calcite precipitation
- PAH:
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- NCIM:
-
National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms
- NB:
-
Nutrient broth
- OD600 :
-
Optical density at 600-nm wavelength
- Cu :
-
Coefficient of uniformity
- Cc :
-
Coefficient of curvature
- D50 :
-
Mean grain size
- PVC:
-
Polyvinyl chloride
- HCl:
-
Hydrochloric acid
- AAS:
-
Atomic absorption spectrophotometer
- EPS:
-
Exopolysaccharides
- K :
-
Hydraulic conductivity
- NEHRP:
-
National earthquake hazards reduction program
- EPA:
-
Environmental protection agency
References
Achal V, Pan X, Lee DJ et al (2013) Remediation of Cr(VI) from chromium slag by biocementation. Chemosphere 93:1352–1358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.008
Achal V, Pan X, Zhang D (2011) Remediation of copper-contaminated soil by Kocuria flava CR1, based on microbially induced calcite precipitation. Ecol Eng 37:1601–1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.06.008
Achal V, Pan X, Zhang D, Fu Q (2012) Bioremediation of Pb-contaminated soil based on microbially induced calcite precipitation. J Microbiol Biotechnol 22:244–247. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1108.08033
Al Qabany A, Soga K (2013) Effect of chemical treatment used in MICP on engineering properties of cemented soils. Géotechnique 63:331–339. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.sip13.p.022
ASTM D 4373-02. Standard test method for rapid determination of carbonate content of soils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2002, 1–5
Central Pollution Control Board Delhi India. Identification, inspection and assessment of contaminated sites (Based on guidance document for assessment and remediation of contaminated sites in India, Issued by MoEF&CC). Delhi, India, 2020.
Cheng L, Cord-Ruwisch R, Shahin MA (2013) Cementation of sand soil by microbially induced calcite precipitation at various degrees of saturation. Can Geotech J 50:81–90. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0023
Cheng L, Shahin MA, Cord-Ruwisch R (2014) Bio-cementation of sandy soil using microbially induced carbonate precipitation for marine environments. Géotechnique 64:1010–1013. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.14.t.025
Cheung KH, Gu JD (2007) Mechanism of hexavalent chromium detoxification by microorganisms and bioremediation application potential: a review. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 59:8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2006.05.002
Cheung KH, Lai HY, Gu JD (2006) Membrane-associated hexavalent chromium reductase of Bacillus megaterium TKW3 with induced expression. J Microbiol Biotechnol 16:855–862
Dawoud O, Chen CY, Soga K. Microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) using surfactants. In: Geo-Congress. 2014, pp 1635–1643
DeJong JT, Soga K, Kavazanjian E et al (2013) Biogeochemical processes and geotechnical applications: progress, opportunities and challenges. Géotechnique 63:287–301. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.SIP13.P.017
Dermatas D, Shen G, Chrysochoou M et al (2006) Pb speciation versus TCLP release in army firing range soils. J Hazard Mater 136:34–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.009
Dickinson AW, Power A, Hansen MG et al (2019) Heavy metal pollution and co-selection for antibiotic resistance: a microbial palaeontology approach. Environ Int 132:105117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105117
Fashola MO, Ngole-Jeme VM, Babalola OO (2020) Heavy metal immobilization potential of indigenous bacteria isolated from gold mine tailings. International Journal of Environmental Research 14:71–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-019-00240-6
Fu F, Wang Q (2011) Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: a review. J Environ Manage 92:407–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.011
Gomez MG, Dejong JT, Anderson CM (2018) Effect of bio-cementation on geophysical and cone penetration measurements in sands. Can Geotech J 55:1632–1646. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0253
Govarthanan M, Lee KJ, Cho M et al (2013) Significance of autochthonous Bacillus sp. KK1 on biomineralization of lead in mine tailings. Chemosphere 90:2267–2272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.038
Gowthaman S, Iki T, Nakashima K et al (2019a) Feasibility study for slope soil stabilization by microbial induced carbonate precipitation ( MICP ) using indigenous bacteria isolated from cold subarctic region. SN Applied Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1508-y
Gowthaman S, Mitsuyama S, Nakashima K et al (2019b) Biogeotechnical approach for slope soil stabilization using locally isolated bacteria and inexpensive low-grade chemicals: a feasibility study on Hokkaido expressway soil. Japan. Soils and Foundations 59:484–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2018.12.010
Gowthaman S, Nakashima K, Kawasaki S (2021a) Effect of wetting and drying cycles on the durability of bio-cemented soil of expressway slope. Int J Environ Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03306-1
Gowthaman S, Nakashima K, Kawasaki S (2021b) Durability analysis of bio-cemented slope soil under the exposure of acid rain. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2831–2844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-02997-w
Gowthaman S, Nawarathna THK, Nayanthara PGN, et al. (2021c) The amendments in typical microbial induced soil stabilization by low-grade chemicals, biopolymers and other additives : a review. In: Building Materials for Sustainable and Ecological Environment. Springer, Singapore
Guo H, Luo S, Chen L et al (2010) Bioremediation of heavy metals by growing hyperaccumulaor endophytic bacterium Bacillus sp. L14. Bioresource Technology 101:8599–8605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.085
Han L, Li J, Xue Q, et al. (2020) Bacterial-induced mineralization (BIM) for soil solidification and heavy metal stabilization: a critical review. Sci Total Environ 140967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140967
IS: 13311 (Part 1) Indian Standard: non-destructive testing of concrete- methods of test, Part 1: ultrasonic pulse velocity. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1992, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-3628(74)90013-9
IS: 2720 (Part 10) Indian Standard: methods of test for soils, Part 10: determination of unconfined compressive strength. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1991, 1–6
IS: 2720 (Part 17) Indian Standard: methods of test for soils, Part 17: laboratory determination of permeability. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1986, 1–14
IS: 2720 (Part 3/Sec 1) Indian Standard: methods of test for soils, Part 3: determination of specific gravity, Section 1: fine grained soils. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1980, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/20.3.535
IS: 2720 (Part 4) Indian Standard: methods of test for soils, Part 4: grain size analysis. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1985, 1–39
IS:1498 Indian Standard: classification and identification of soils for general engineering purposes. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1970, 1–27
Ivanov V, Chu J, Stabnikov V, et al. Iron-based bio-grout for soil improvement and land reclamation. In: 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies. 2010, pp 415–420
Ji X, Wan J, Wang X et al (2022) Mixed bacteria-loaded biochar for the immobilization of arsenic, lead, and cadmium in a polluted soil system: effects and mechanisms. Sci Total Environ 811:152112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152112
Jiang NJ, Liu R, Du YJ, Bi YZ (2019) Microbial induced carbonate precipitation for immobilizing Pb contaminants: toxic effects on bacterial activity and immobilization efficiency. Sci Total Environ 672:722–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.294
Jiang NJ, Tang CS, Hata T et al (2020) Bio-mediated soil improvement: the way forward. Soil Use Manag 36:185–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12571
Kamaludeen SPB, Megharaj M, Juhasz AL et al (2003) Chromium – microorganism interactions in soils : remediation implications. In: Ware GW (ed) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 178. Springer-Verlag, pp 93–164
Khazanehdari J, Sothcott J (2003) Variation in dynamic elastic shear modulus of sandstone upon fluid saturation and substitution. Geophysics 68:472–481. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1567213
Lee ML, Ng WS, Tanaka Y (2013) Stress-deformation and compressibility responses of bio-mediated residual soils. Ecol Eng 60:142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.07.034
Li JS, Beiyuan J, Tsang DCW et al (2017) Arsenic-containing soil from geogenic source in Hong Kong: leaching characteristics and stabilization/solidification. Chemosphere 182:31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.019
Li M, Cheng X, Guo H (2013) Heavy metal removal by biomineralization of urease producing bacteria isolated from soil. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 76:81–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.06.016
Li M, Cheng X, Guo H, Yang Z (2015) Biomineralization of carbonate by Terrabacter tumescens for heavy metal removal and biogrouting applications. Journal of Environmental Engineering (united States) 142:4–8. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000970
Li W, Yang Y, Achal V (2022) Biochemical composite material using corncob powder as a carrier material for ureolytic bacteria in soil cadmium immobilization. Sci Total Environ 802:149802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149802
Lin CC, Lin HL (2005) Remediation of soil contaminated with the heavy metal (Cd2+). J Hazard Mater 122:7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.02.017
Liu C, Chen X, Mack EE et al (2019a) Evaluating a novel permeable reactive bio-barrier to remediate PAH-contaminated groundwater. J Hazard Mater 368:444–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.069
Liu L, Liu H, Stuedlein AW et al (2019b) Strength, stiffness, and microstructure characteristics of biocemented calcareous sand. Can Geotech J 56:1502–1513. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0007
Mahawish A, Bouazza A, Gates WP (2019) Unconfined compressive strength and visualization of the microstructure of coarse sand subjected to different biocementation levels. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 145:04019033. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002066
Ministry of Environment Forests and Climate Change (2016) Hazardous and Other Wastes Rules. The Gazzate of India 2:1–68
Mugwar AJ, Harbottle MJ (2016) Toxicity effects on metal sequestration by microbially-induced carbonate precipitation. J Hazard Mater 314:237–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.039
Mujah D, Cheng L, Shahin MA (2019) Microstructural and geomechanical study on biocemented sand for optimization of MICP process. J Mater Civ Eng 31:04019025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002660
Mwandira W, Nakashima K, Kawasaki S (2017) Bioremediation of lead-contaminated mine waste by Pararhodobacter sp. based on the microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation technique and its effects on strength of coarse and fine grained sand. Ecological Engineering 109:57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.09.011
Nafisi A, Mocelin D, Montoya BM, Underwood S (2020) Tensile strength of sands treated with microbially induced carbonate precipitation. Can Geotech J 57:1611–1616. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2019-0230
NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program). Recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other steel structures. Part 1: Provisions. Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2003, 338
Ohan J, Saneiyan S, Lee J et al (2020) Microbial and geochemical dynamics of an aquifer stimulated for microbial induced calcite precipitation ( MICP ). Front Microbiol 11:1327. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01327
Oualha M, Bibi S, Sulaiman M, Zouari N (2020) Microbially induced calcite precipitation in calcareous soils by endogenous Bacillus cereus, at high pH and harsh weather. J Environ Manage 257:109965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109965
Pradas AE, García-gonzalo P, Castillo-michel H et al (2020) Evaluating Cr behaviour in two different polluted soils : Mechanisms and implications for soil functionality. J Environ Manage 276:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111073
Proto CJ, DeJong JT, Nelson DC (2016) Biomediated permeability reduction of saturated sands. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 142:04016073. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001558
Riveros GA, Sadrekarimi A (2020) Effect of microbially-induced cementation on the istability and critical state behaviors of Fraser River sand. Can Geotech J. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2019-0514
Rouff AA, Elzinga EJ, Reeder RJ, Fisher NS (2006) The effect of aging and pH on Pb(II) sorption processes at the calcite-water interface. Environ Sci Technol 40:1792–1798. https://doi.org/10.1021/es051523f
Saha JK, Selladurai R, Coumar MV, et al. Soil pollution - an emerging threat to agriculture. In: Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World. 2017, pp 271–315
Sharma HD, Reddy KR (2004) Geoenvironmental engineering: site remediation, waste containment, and emerging waste management technologies. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken
Sharma M, Satyam N (2021) Strength and durability of biocemented sands : wetting-drying cycles, ageing effects, and liquefaction resistance. Geoderma 402:115359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115359
Sharma M, Satyam N, Reddy KR (2019) Investigation of various gram-positive bacteria for MICP in Narmada Sand. India. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 15:220–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2019.1691322
Sharma M, Satyam N, Reddy KR (2021a) Rock-like behavior of biocemented sand treated under non-sterile environment and various treatment conditions. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 13:705–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2020.11.006
Sharma M, Satyam N, Reddy KR (2021b) Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on engineering properties of biocemented sand under different treatment conditions. Eng Geol 284:106022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106022
Sharma M, Satyam N, Reddy KR (2021c) Hybrid bacteria mediated cemented sand: microcharacterization, permeability, strength, shear wave velocity, stress-strain, and durability. Int J Damage Mech 30:1–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056789521991196
Sharma M, Satyam N, Reddy KR (2020) Strength enhancement and lead immobilization of sand using consortia of bacteria. J Hazard, Toxic, Radioactive Waste (ASCE) 24:04020049. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000548
Sharma M, Satyam N, Reddy KR (2021d) State of the art review of emerging and biogeotechnical methods for liquefaction mitigation in sands. J Hazard, Toxic, Radioactive Waste (ASCE), 25:03120001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000557
Sharma M, Satyam N, Reddy KR (2021e) Comparison of improved shear strength of biotreated sand using different ureolytic strains and sterile conditions. Soil Use Manag. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12690
Sharma M, Satyam N, Tiwari N et al (2021f) Simplified biogeochemical numerical model to predict pore fluid chemistry and calcite precipitation during biocementation of soil. Arab J Geosci 14:807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07151-x
Soon NW, Lee LM, Khun TC, Ling HS (2014) Factors affecting improvement in engineering properties of residual soil through microbial-induced calcite precipitation. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 140:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001089
Srivastava P, Kowshik M (2018) Mechanisms of bacterial heavy metal resistance and homeostasis: an overview. In: Donati ER (ed) Heavy Metals in the Environment: Microorganisms and Bioremediation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 15–42
Stocks-Fischer S, Galinat JK, Bang SS (1999) Microbiological precipitation of CaCO3. Soil Biol Biochem 31:1563–1571. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00082-6
Sun X, Miao L, Chen R (2019) Effects of Different clay’s percentages on improvement of sand-clay mixtures with microbially induced calcite precipitation. Geomicrobiol J 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2019.1631912
Sun X, Miao L, Wang H, et al. (2021) Mineralization crust field experiment for desert sand solidification based on enzymatic calcification. J Environ Manag 287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112315
Terzis D, Laloui L (2018) 3-D micro-architecture and mechanical response of soil cemented via microbial-induced calcite precipitation. Sci Rep 8:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19895-w
Thatoi H, Das S, Mishra J et al (2014) Bacterial chromate reductase, a potential enzyme for bioremediation of hexavalent chromium: a review. J Environ Manage 146:383–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.014
Tiwari N, Satyam N, Kumar SS (2020a) An experimental study on micro-structural and geotechnical characteristics of expansive clay mixed with EPS granules. Soils Found 60:705–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2020.03.012
Tiwari N, Satyam N, Patva J (2020b) Engineering characteristics and performance of polypropylene fibre and silica fume treated expansive soil subgrade. International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering 6:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-020-00199-x
Tiwari N, Satyam N, Sharma M (2021) Micro-mechanical performance evaluation of expansive soil biotreated with indigenous bacteria using MICP method. Sci Rep 11:10324. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89687-2
Tiwari N, Satyam N, Singh K (2020c) Effect of curing on micro-physical performance of polypropylene fiber reinforced and silica fume stabilized expansive soil under freezing thawing cycles. Sci Rep 10:7624. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64658-1
USEPA Cleaning up the Nation’s hazardous waste sites: markets and technology trends, 2014
USEPA Method (1992) Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Washington, DC. 1–35
Van Paassen LA (2009) Biogrout: Ground improvement by microbially induced carbonate precipitation. Delft, Netherlands
Visentin C, William A, Braun AB, Thomé A (2019) Application of life cycle assessment as a tool for evaluating the sustainability of contaminated sites remediation : a systematic and bibliographic analysis. Sci Total Environ 672:893–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.034
Wang F, Zhang S, Cheng P et al (2020) Effects of soil amendments on heavy metal immobilization and accumulation by maize grown in a multiple-metal-contaminated soil and their potential for safe crop production. Toxics 8:102
Wen K, Li Y, Amini F, Li L (2020) Impact of bacteria and urease concentration on precipitation kinetics and crystal morphology of calcium carbonate. Acta Geotech 15:17–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-019-00899-3
Xiao Y, Wang Y, Desai CS et al (2019) Strength and deformation responses of biocemented sands using a temperature-controlled method. Int J Geomech 19:04019120. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001497
Zhang L, Guan Y (2022) Microbial investigations of new hydrogel-biochar composites as soil amendments for simultaneous nitrogen-use improvement and heavy metal immobilization. J Hazard Mater 424:127154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127154
Zhao Y, Yang T, Xu T et al (2018) Mechanical and energy release characteristics of different water-bearing sandstones under uniaxial compression. Int J Damage Mech 27:640–656. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056789517697472
Zhi C, Xiaohong P, Hui C et al (2016) Biomineralization of Pb ( II ) into Pb-hydroxyapatite induced by Bacillus cereus 12–2 isolated from lead-zinc mine tailings. J Hazard Mater 301:531–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.023
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Ministry of Human Resources Development (MHRD), Government of India, for providing Ph.D. scholarship to the first author.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Meghna Sharma: conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft preparation, investigation, data analysis
Neelima Satyam: conceptualization, supervision, data analysis, writing—reviewing and editing
Krishna R. Reddy: conceptualization, supervision, data analysis, writing—reviewing and editing
Maria Chrysochoou: conceptualization, supervision, data analysis, writing—reviewing and editing
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
The authors declare that the submitted manuscript is original. They also acknowledge that the current research has been conducted ethically and the final shape of the research has been agreed by all authors.
Consent to participate
The authors consent to participate in this research study.
Consent to publish
The authors consent to publish the current research in ESPR journal.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ester Heath
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sharma, M., Satyam, N., Reddy, K.R. et al. Multiple heavy metal immobilization and strength improvement of contaminated soil using bio-mediated calcite precipitation technique. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 51827–51846 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19551-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19551-x