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Electrocatalytic degradation of sulfamethylthiadiazole by GAC@Ni/Fe three-dimensional particle electrode

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Abstract

In this work, GAC@Ni/Fe particle electrodes were prepared and employed for the degradation of sulfamethylthiadiazole (SMT) by three-dimensional electrocatalytic technology. The effects of particle electrode bi-metal loading ratio, cell voltage, particle electrode dosage, electrode plate spacing, and SMT initial concentration on SMT removal were studied. In addition, GAC@Ni/Fe particle electrode was analyzed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) to characterize which indicated that a significant amount of iron-nickel oxide was formed on the surface of GAC@Ni/Fe particle electrode. The results indicated that when the nickel–iron loading ratio is 1:1, the SMT removal effect is the best, and the removal rate can reach 90.89% within 30 min. Compared with the granular activated carbon without bimetal, the removal efficiency is increased by 37.58%. The degradation of SMT in the GAC@Ni/Fe particle three-dimensional electrode reactor is the joint result of both direct oxidation and indirect oxidation. The contribution rates of direct oxidation of anode and particle electrode and indirect oxidation of ·OH in the degradation are 32%, 27%, and 41%, respectively. Based on the intermediate detected by ultra-high liquid chromatography and the calculation of bond energy of SMT molecule by Gauss software, the degradation pathway of SMT in the GAC@Ni/Fe three-dimensional electrode reactor is proposed. This research provides a green, healthy, and effective method for removing sulfonamide micro-polluted wastewater.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

Our work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51778267), the National Water Pollution Control and Treatment Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2012ZX07408001), the Jilin Province Science and Technology Department Project (No. 20190201113JC), and the Jilin Provincial Department of Ecology and Environment Project (No.2019–15).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China

    Siwen Li, Suiyi Zhu & Gen Liu

  2. Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China

    Yingzi Lin

  3. School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China

    Yingzi Lin

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  1. Siwen Li
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  2. Yingzi Lin
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Siwen Li: writing, methodology; Yingzi Lin: funding support, reviewing; Suiyi Zhu: reviewing; Gen Liua: methodology.

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Correspondence to Yingzi Lin.

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Li, S., Lin, Y., Zhu, S. et al. Electrocatalytic degradation of sulfamethylthiadiazole by GAC@Ni/Fe three-dimensional particle electrode. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 57112–57126 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19021-4

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