Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The association between urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and cardiovascular diseases and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although epidemiological studies have discerned the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure and hypertension and/or cardiovascular disease in the general population, the possible mechanisms for this association are not well understood. We sought to examine the association between urinary metabolites of PAHs and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and blood pressure in adults, by conducting a meta-analysis of observational studies. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of science, up to July 2021, for observational studies that investigated the association between urinary metabolites of PAHs and CVDs and blood pressure in adults. Nine prospective studies, including 27,280 participants, were included. Based on overall pooled results, there was a significant positive association between all types of urinary metabolites of PAH and blood pressure (OR: 1.32; 95%, CI: 1.19 to 1.48, p < 0.0001) (I2 = 62.4%, p < 0.0001). There was no significant association between any urinary metabolite of PAH and CHD (OR: 0.93; 95%, CI: 0.83 to 1.03, p = 0.174) (I2 = 0%, p = 0.653). Overall, there was a significant positive association between all urinary metabolites of PAH and CVD (OR: 1.23; 95%, CI: 1.16 to 1.30, p < 0.0001) (I2 = 59.7%, p < 0.0001). The results of the present meta-analysis suggest that different metabolites PAHs are associated with an increased risk of CVD and HTN. Further studies, including randomized clinical trials, are needed to confirm the veracity of our findings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Data and materials availability

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

AhR:

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor

BMI:

Body mass index

CIs:

Confidence intervals

CHD:

Coronary heart disease

CVDs:

Cardiovascular diseases

HR:

Hazard ratio

HTN:

Hypertension

2-FLUO:

2-Hydroxyfluorene

9-FLUO:

9-Hydroxyfluorene

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MOOSE:

Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines

NOS:

Newcastle–Ottawa scale

8iso PGF2:

8-Iso-prostaglandin-F2a

1-NAP:

1-Hydroxynaphthalene

2-NAP:

2-Hydroxynaphthalene

OH-PAHs:

Monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites

OR:

Odds ratio

8-ohdG:

8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PRISMA:

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyze

PPAR-γ:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

PHEN:

Hydroxyphenanthrene

1-PYR:

1-Hydroxypyrene

RR:

Relative risk

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor

XMF:

Xenobiotic metabolic enzymes

References

  • Abbas Y, Lu W, Dai H, Fu X, Ye R, Wang H (2020) Remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soil with double dielectric barrier discharge plasma technology: Influencing parameters. Chem Eng J 394:124858

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams K, Greenbaum DS, Shaikh R, van Erp AM, Russell AG (2015) Particulate matter components, sources, and health: Systematic approaches to testing effects. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 65(5):544–558

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akil L, Ahmad HA (2011) Relationships between obesity and cardiovascular diseases in four southern states and Colorado. J Health Care Poor Underserved 22(4 Suppl):61–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akpa OM, Made F, Ojo A, Ovbiagele B, Adu D, Motala AA, Mayosi BM, Adebamowo SN, Engel ME, Tayo B, Rotimi C, Salako B, Akinyemi R, Gebregziabher M, Sarfo F, Wahab K, Agongo G, Alberts M, Ali SA, Asiki G, Boua RP, Gómez-Olivé FX, Mashinya F, Micklesfield L, Mohamed SF, Nonterah EA, Norris SA, Sorgho H, Tollman S, Parekh RS, Chishala C, Ekoru K, Waddy SP, Peprah E, Mensah GA, Wiley K, Troyer J, Ramsay M, Owolabi MO (2020) Regional Patterns and Association Between Obesity and Hypertension in Africa. Hypertension 75(5):1167–1178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alshaarawy O, Zhu M, Ducatman A, Conway B, Andrew ME (2013) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biomarkers and serum markers of inflammation. A positive association that is more evident in men. Environ Res 126:98–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alshaarawy O, Elbaz HA, Andrew ME (2016a) The association of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biomarkers and cardiovascular disease in the US population. Environ Int 89–90:174–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alshaarawy O, Elbaz HA, Andrew ME (2016b) The association of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biomarkers and cardiovascular disease in the US population. Environ Int 89:174–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Araujo JA, Barajas B, Kleinman M, Wang X, Bennett BJ, Gong KW, Navab M, Harkema J, Sioutas C, Lusis AJ, Nel AE (2008) Ambient particulate pollutants in the ultrafine range promote early atherosclerosis and systemic oxidative stress. Circ Res 102(5):589–596

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Archibong AE, Inyang F, Ramesh A, Greenwood M, Nayyar T, Kopsombut P, Hood DB, Nyanda AM (2002) Alteration of pregnancy related hormones and fetal survival in F-344 rats exposed by inhalation to benzo(a)pyrene. Reprod Toxicol 16(6):801–808

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger ZD, Hahn EJ, Himmelfarb CD, Khera A, Lloyd-Jones D, McEvoy JW, Michos ED, Miedema MD, Muñoz D, Smith SC, Virani SS, Williams KA, Yeboah J, Ziaeian B (2019) 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 140(11):e563–e595

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashraf MS, Vongpatanasin W (2006) Estrogen and hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 8(5):368–376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bangia KS, Symanski E, Strom SS, Bondy M (2015) A cross-sectional analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and diesel particulate matter exposures and hypertension among individuals of Mexican origin. Environ Health 14:51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bansal V, Kim K-H (2015) Review of PAH contamination in food products and their health hazards. Environ Int 84:26–38

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatnagar A (2006) Environmental cardiology: studying mechanistic links between pollution and heart disease. Circ Res 99(7):692–705

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatnagar A (2017) Environmental Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease. Circ Res 121(2):162–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bortey-Sam N, Ikenaka Y, Akoto O, Nakayama SMM, Asante KA, Baidoo E, Obirikorang C, Saengtienchai A, Isoda N, Nimako C, Mizukawa H, Ishizuka M (2017) Oxidative stress and respiratory symptoms due to human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Kumasi, Ghana. Environ Pollut 228:311–320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyland E, Kumura M, Sims P (1964) Metabolism of polycyclic compounds. 26. The hydroxylation of some aromatic hydrocarbons by the ascorbic acid model hydroxylating system and by rat-liver microsomes. Biochem J 92(3):631–638

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brook RD, Rajagopalan S (2009) Particulate matter, air pollution, and blood pressure. J Am Soc Hypertens 3(5):332–350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA III, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux AV, Holguin F, Hong Y, Luepker RV, Mittleman MA (2010) Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 121(21):2331–2378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brucker N, Moro AM, Charão MF, Durgante J, Freitas F, Baierle M, Nascimento S, Gauer B, Bulcão RP, Bubols GB, Ferrari PD, Thiesen FV, Gioda A, Duarte MMMF, de Castro I, Saldiva PH, Garcia SC (2013) Biomarkers of occupational exposure to air pollution, inflammation and oxidative damage in taxi drivers. Sci Total Environ 463–464:884–893

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brucker N, Charão MF, Moro AM, Ferrari P, Bubols G, Sauer E, Fracasso R, Durgante J, Thiesen FV, Duarte MM, Gioda A, Castro I, Saldiva PH, Garcia SC (2014) Atherosclerotic process in taxi drivers occupationally exposed to air pollution and co-morbidities. Environ Res 131:31–38

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao L, Wang D, Zhu C, Wang B, Cen X, Chen A, Zhou H, Ye Z, Tan Q, Nie X (2020) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in urban adults: The mediating role of oxidatively damaged DNA. Environ Pollut 265:114860

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao L, Wang D, Zhu C, Wang B, Cen X, Chen A, Zhou H, Ye Z, Tan Q, Nie X, Feng X, Xie Y, Yuan J, Chen W (2020) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in urban adults: The mediating role of oxidatively damaged DNA. Environ Pollut 265(Pt A):114860

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan SH, Van Hee VC, Bergen S, Szpiro AA, DeRoo LA, London SJ, Marshall JD, Kaufman JD, Sandler DP (2015) Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure and Blood Pressure in the Sister Study. Environ Health Perspect 123(10):951–958

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costa G (2010) Shift Work and Health: Current Problems and Preventive Actions. Saf Health Work 1(2):112–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curfs DM, Knaapen AM, Pachen DM, Gijbels MJ, Lutgens E, Smook ML, Kockx MM, Daemen MJ, van Schooten FJ (2005) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induce an inflammatory atherosclerotic plaque phenotype irrespective of their DNA binding properties. Faseb j 19(10):1290–1292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delfino RJ, Staimer N, Tjoa T, Arhami M, Polidori A, Gillen DL, Kleinman MT, Schauer JJ, Sioutas C (2010) Association of Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation with Organic Components and Source Tracers in Quasi-Ultrafine Particles. Environ Health Perspect 118(6):756–762

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deng Q, Dai X, Guo H, Huang S, Kuang D, Feng J, Wang T, Zhang W, Huang K, Hu D, Deng H, Zhang X, Wu T (2014) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons-Associated MicroRNAs and Their Interactions with the Environment: Influences on Oxidative DNA Damage and Lipid Peroxidation in Coke Oven Workers. Environ Sci Technol 48(7):4120–4128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubey RK, Oparil S, Imthurn B, Jackson EK (2002) Sex hormones and hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 53(3):688–708

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Everett CJ, King DE, Player MS, Matheson EM, Post RE, Mainous AG (2010) Association of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and serum C-reactive protein. Environ Res 110(1):79–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson KK, McElrath TF, Pace GG, Weller D, Zeng L, Pennathur S, Cantonwine DE, Meeker JD (2017) Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolite Associations with Biomarkers of Inflammation, Angiogenesis, and Oxidative Stress in Pregnant Women. Environ Sci Technol 51(8):4652–4660

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freitas F, Brucker N, Durgante J, Bubols G, Bulcao R, Moro A, Charao M, Baierle M, Nascimento S, Gauer B, Sauer E, Zimmer M, Thiesen F, Castro I, Saldiva P, Garcia SC (2014) Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene is associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in acute Myocardial Infarction. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11(9):9024–9037

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grimmer G, Jacob J, Dettbarn G, Naujack KW (1997) Determination of urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) for the risk assessment of PAH-exposed workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 69(4):231–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guengerich FP (2001) Forging the links between metabolism and carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 488(3):195–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hajat A, Diez-Roux AV, Adar SD, Auchincloss AH, Lovasi GS, O’Neill MS, Sheppard L, Kaufman JD (2013) Air Pollution and Individual and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status: Evidence from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Environ Health Perspect 121(11–12):1325–1333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holme JA, Brinchmann BC, Refsnes M, Låg M, Øvrevik J (2019) Potential role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as mediators of cardiovascular effects from combustion particles. Environ Health 18(1):74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopman-Rock M, Westhoff MH (2000) The effects of a health educational and exercise program for older adults with osteoarthritis for the hip or knee. J Rheumatol 27(8):1947–1954

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hou J, Sun H, Guo Y, Zhou Y, Yin W, Xu T, Cheng J, Chen W, Yuan J (2018) Associations between urinary monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites and Framingham Risk Score in Chinese adults with low lung function. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 147:1002–1009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu C, Hou J, Zhou Y, Sun H, Yin W, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang G, Chen W, Yuan J (2018) Association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a role of mean platelet volume or club cell secretory protein. Environ Pollut 233:45–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter DJ, Reddy KS (2013) Noncommunicable diseases. N Engl J Med 369(14):1336–1343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irigaray P, Ogier V, Jacquenet S, Notet V, Sibille P, Méjean L, Bihain BE, Yen FT (2006) Benzo[a]pyrene impairs β-adrenergic stimulation of adipose tissue lipolysis and causes weight gain in mice. FEBS J 273(7):1362–1372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain RB (2020) Contributions of dietary, demographic, disease, lifestyle and other factors in explaining variabilities in concentrations of selected monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine: Data for US children, adolescents, and adults. Environ Pollut 266(Pt 1):115178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeng HA, Pan CH, Diawara N, Chang-Chien GP, Lin WY, Huang CT, Ho CK, Wu MT (2011) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in relation to immunological alteration. Occup Environ Med 68(9):653–658

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jia C, James W, Kedia S (2014) Relationship of Racial Composition and Cancer Risks from Air Toxics Exposure in Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.A. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11(8):7713–7724

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khalil A, Villard P-H, Dao MA, Burcelin R, Champion S, Fouchier F, Savouret J-F, Barra Y, Seree E (2010) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons potentiate high-fat diet effects on intestinal inflammation. Toxicol Lett 196(3):161–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JY, Lee SK, Kim CH, Jeon TW, Moon CK, Lee HS, Yoo SD, Lee ES, Jeong TC (2003) Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on liver and lung cytochrome P450s in mice. Arch Pharm Res 26(5):394–404

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JH, Yamaguchi K, Lee SH, Tithof PK, Sayler GS, Yoon JH, Baek SJ (2005) Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the activation of early growth response-1 and peroxisome proliferator activated receptors. Toxicol Sci 85(1):585–593

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim KH, Jahan SA, Kabir E, Brown RJ (2013) A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environ Int 60:71–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuang D, Zhang W, Deng Q, Zhang X, Huang K, Guan L, Hu D, Wu T, Guo H (2013) Dose-Response Relationships of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure and Oxidative Damage to DNA and Lipid in Coke Oven Workers. Environ Sci Technol 47(13):7446–7456

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson BK, Sahlberg GP, Eriksson AT, Busk LA (1983) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in grilled food. J Agric Food Chem 31(4):867–873

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee T-W, Kim DH, Ryu JY (2020) Association between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and hypertension in the Korean population: data from the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012–2014). Sci Rep 10(1):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Lu S, Liu G, Zhou Y, Lv Y, She J, Fan R (2015) Co-exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene and toluene and their dose–effects on oxidative stress damage in kindergarten-aged children in Guangzhou, China. Sci Total Environ 524–525:74–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li W, Chen Z, Ruan W, Yi G, Wang D, Lu Z (2019) A meta-analysis of cohort studies including dose-response relationship between shift work and the risk of diabetes mellitus. Eur J Epidemiol 34(11):1013–1024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lioy PJ, Greenberg A (1990) Factors associated with human exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicol Ind Health 6(2):209–223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu B, Jia C (2016) Effects of profession on urinary PAH metabolite levels in the US population. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 89(1):123–135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, Reed JE, Kearney PM, Reynolds K, Chen J, He J (2016) Global Disparities of Hypertension Prevalence and Control: A Systematic Analysis of Population-Based Studies From 90 Countries. Circulation 134(6):441–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Motorykin O, Santiago-Delgado L, Rohlman D, Schrlau JE, Harper B, Harris S, Harding A, Kile ML, Massey Simonich SL (2015) Metabolism and excretion rates of parent and hydroxy-PAHs in urine collected after consumption of traditionally smoked salmon for Native American volunteers. Sci Total Environ 514:170–177

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • No author (2018a) Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392(10159):1736–1788

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • No author (2018b) Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392(10159):1923–1994

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • No author (n.d.a) c Inflammation with Cardiovascular Disease.pdf

  • No author (n.d.b)  khosravipour2020.pdf

  • No author (n.d.c) Obesity and Hypertension.pdf

  • No author (n.d.d) PAH d serum inflammatory.pdf

  • No author (n.d.e) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Ovulatory Status in Women.pdf

  • Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO 3rd, Criqui M, Fadl YY, Fortmann SP, Hong Y, Myers GL, Rifai N, Smith SC Jr, Taubert K, Tracy RP, Vinicor F (2003) Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 107(3):499–511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelkonen O, Nebert DW (1982) Metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: etiologic role in carcinogenesis. Pharmacol Rev 34(2):189–222

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poursafa P, Moosazadeh M, Abedini E, Hajizadeh Y, Mansourian M, Pourzamani H, Amin MM (2017) A Systematic Review on the Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Cardiometabolic Impairment. Int J Prev Med 8:19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poursafa P, Dadvand P, Amin MM, Hajizadeh Y, Ebrahimpour K, Mansourian M, Pourzamani H, Sunyer J, Kelishadi R (2018) Association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with cardiometabolic risk factors and obesity in children. Environ Int 118:203–210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramesh A, Walker SA, Hood DB, Guillén MD, Schneider K, Weyand EH (2004) Bioavailability and risk assessment of orally ingested polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Int J Toxicol 23(5):301–333

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramos KS, Moorthy B (2005) Bioactivation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens within the vascular wall: implications for human atherogenesis. Drug Metab Rev 37(4):595–610

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romero DL, Mounho BJ, Lauer FT, Born JL, Burchiel SW (1997) Depletion of glutathione by benzo(a)pyrene metabolites, ionomycin, thapsigargin, and phorbol myristate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 144(1):62–69

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Vera T, Pruneda-Álvarez LG, Ochoa-Martínez ÁC, Ramírez-GarcíaLuna JL, Pierdant-Pérez M, Gordillo-Moscoso AA, Pérez-Vázquez FJ, Pérez-Maldonado IN (2015) Assessment of vascular function in Mexican women exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from wood smoke. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 40(2):423–429

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Vera T, Ochoa-Martínez ÁC, Pruneda-Álvarez LG, Zarazúa S, Pérez-Maldonado IN (2019) Exposure to biomass smoke is associated with an increased expression of circulating miRNA-126 and miRNA-155 in Mexican women: a pilot study. 42(3): 335–342.

  • Samoli E, Atkinson RW, Analitis A, Fuller GW, Green DC, Mudway I, Anderson HR, Kelly FJ (2016) Associations of short-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution with cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions in London, UK. Occup Environ Med 73(5):300–307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sancini A, Caciari T, Sinibaldi F, Sacco C, Boscolo P, Giubilati R, Scala B, Tomei G, Tomei F, Rosati MV (2014) Blood pressure changes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in outdoor workers. Clin Ter 165(4):e295-303

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandoo A*, Veldhuijzen van Zanten JJCS, Metsios GS, Carroll D, Kitas GD. The Endothelium and Its Role in Regulating Vascular Tone

  • Schultz TW, Sinks GD (2002) Xenoestrogenic gene expression: structural features of active polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Toxicol Chem 21(4):783–786

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi L, Lin L (2019) The trim-and-fill method for publication bias: practical guidelines and recommendations based on a large database of meta-analyses. Medicine 98(23)

  • Shimada T, Hayes CL, Yamazaki H, Amin S, Hecht SS, Guengerich FP, Sutter TR (1996) Activation of chemically diverse procarcinogens by human cytochrome P-450 1B1. Cancer Res 56(13):2979–2984

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiue I (2015a) Are urinary polyaromatic hydrocarbons associated with adult hypertension, heart attack, and cancer? USA NHANES, 2011–2012. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 22(21):16962–16968

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiue I (2015b) Are urinary polyaromatic hydrocarbons associated with adult hypertension, heart attack, and cancer? USA NHANES, 2011–2012. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(21):16962–16968

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song Y, Wang J, Ge Y, Xu C (2020) An optimal parameters-based geographical detector model enhances geographic characteristics of explanatory variables for spatial heterogeneity analysis: Cases with different types of spatial data. Giscience & Remote Sens 57(5):593–610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stang A (2010) Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol 25(9):603–605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, Moher D, Becker BJ, Sipe TA, Thacker SB (2000) Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. JAMA 283(15):2008–2012

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun H, Shen O-X, Xu X-L, Song L, Wang X-R (2008) Carbaryl, 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol inhibit the beta-1 thyroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription in vitro. Toxicology 249(2):238–242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun H, Hou J, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Cheng J, Xu T, Xiao L, Chen W, Yuan J (2017) Dose-response relationship between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites and urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in a Chinese general population. Chemosphere 174:506–514

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urch B, Silverman F, Corey P, Brook JR, Lukic KZ, Rajagopalan S, Brook RD (2005) Acute blood pressure responses in healthy adults during controlled air pollution exposures. Environ Health Perspect 113(8):1052–1055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinggaard AM, Hnida C, Larsen JC (2000) Environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons affect androgen receptor activation in vitro. Toxicology 145(2):173–183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Yu Q, Chen Y, Cao F (2013) Pathophysiology and therapeutics of cardiovascular disease in metabolic syndrome. Curr Pharm Des 19(27):4799–4805

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Q, Xu X, Zeng Z, Hylkema MN, Cai Z, Huo X (2020) PAH exposure is associated with enhanced risk for pediatric dyslipidemia through serum SOD reduction. Environ Int 145:106132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waterfall JF, Sims P (1972) Epoxy derivatives of aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons. The preparation and metabolism of epoxides related to benzo(a)pyrene and to 7,8- and 9,10-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene. Biochem J 128(2):265–277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willerson JT, Ridker PM (2004) Inflammation as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor. Circulation 109(21_suppl_1):II-2-II–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health O (2016) Hearts: technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Cook RL, Ilacqua VA, Kan H, Talbott EO, Kearney G (2010) Studying associations between urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and cardiovascular diseases in the United States. Sci Total Environ 408(21):4943–4948

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Hu H, Kearney GD, Kan H, Sheps DS (2013) Studying the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on peripheral arterial disease in the United States. Sci Total Environ 461–462:341–347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang L, Guo W, Zeng D, Ma L, Lai X, Fang Q, Guo H, Zhang X (2019) Heart rate variability mediates the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in coke oven workers. Chemosphere 228:166–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yin W, Hou J, Xu T, Cheng J, Li P, Wang L, Zhang Y, Wang X, Hu C, Huang C (2018) Obesity mediated the association of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with risk of cardiovascular events. Sci Total Environ 616:841–854

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank the School of Nutritional and Dietetics at Tehran University of Medical Sciences and participants in this investigation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box: 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran

    Atieh Mirzababaei, Faezeh Abaj, Sanaz Mehranfar & Khadijeh Mirzaei

  2. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

    Elnaz Daneshzad

  3. Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran

    Sajjad Moradi

  4. Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran

    Omid Asbaghi

  5. Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK

    Cain C. T. Clark

Authors
  1. Atieh Mirzababaei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elnaz Daneshzad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sajjad Moradi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Faezeh Abaj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sanaz Mehranfar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Omid Asbaghi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Cain C. T. Clark
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Khadijeh Mirzaei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

The project was designed and implemented by AM and KhM. Data were analyzed and interpreted by AM, ED, SM1, FA, SM2, and OA, and CC prepared the manuscript. KhM supervised the overall project. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Khadijeh Mirzaei.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 22 kb)

Supplementary file2 (DOCX 123 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mirzababaei, A., Daneshzad, E., Moradi, S. et al. The association between urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and cardiovascular diseases and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 1712–1728 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17091-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17091-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation