Abstract
Naphthalene (NAPH) and phenanthrene (PHEN) are two of the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in nature, and they are considered in the list of US EPA priority pollutants. The contribution of this research lies in the comprehensive analysis of a strategy for the coupling of electro-oxidation (EO) and biodegradation in a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) with the objective to remove PAHs, using NAPH and PHEN as model compounds. The electrochemical degradation of NAPH and PHEN in aqueous synthetic solution has been carried out using two different anodes: Ti/IrO2 and Ti/SnO2. The effects of EO operating parameters (current density, reaction time, and pH) on the NAPH and PHEN removals were investigated applying 23 factorial design with both electrodes. Additionally, the EO effluents were analyzed for COD, NH4-N, and biodegradability (respirometry tests). The highest removals of both compounds were reached with Ti/IrO2 anode, at acidic conditions (pH of 2), current density of 50 mA cm−2, and electrolysis time of 60 min. However, the Ti/SnO2 anode allowed greater reduction of the biomass inhibition, which means that the enhancement of the EO effluent biodegradability was reached; therefore, this electrode was selected for the coupled EO–SMBR system, applying the operating conditions that improved the biodegradability of the effluent. The EO process allowed NAPH and PHEN removal efficiencies of 96 ± 5% and 94 ± 3%, respectively. The membrane bioreactor was operated with organic load of 0.6 ± 0.1 gCOD gVSS−1 d−1, hydraulic retention time of 6 h, and solid retention time of 30 d, obtaining average COD, NH4-N, NAPH, and PHEN removals of 98±0.5%, 91±6.4%, 99.1±0.96%, and 99.7±0.4% respectively. The sorption of phenanthrene onto the biomass had a low contribution, 0.9±0.2%, concluding that biodegradation was the main removal mechanism in the bioreactor. The coupled system EO–SMBR allowed high NAPH and PHEN removal efficiencies of 99.99±0.01 and 99.99±0.02%, respectively.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the master’s degree scholarship from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (CONACYT, Mexico).
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The research was funded by an internal source of the Mexican Institute of Water Technology.
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JTR performed and interpreted EO assays and part of the EO–SMBR coupling. PMN installed the experimental setup and performed and analyzed the biodegradability tests and part of the coupling. JTR and PMN wrote the manuscript. JTR and PMN have equal contribution for this research; they approved the final manuscript.
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Treviño-Reséndez, J., Nacheva, P.M. Removal of naphthalene and phenanthrene in synthetic solutions by electro-oxidation coupled with membrane bioreactor. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 48543–48555 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13787-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13787-9