Abstract
The present study was intended to investigate the metal concentrations in the leafy vegetables, irrigation water, soil, and atmospheric dust deposition in the iron and copper mining areas of Southern Jharkhand, India. The study aimed to develop a multivariate linear regression (MVLR) model to predict the concentration of metals in leafy vegetables from the metals in associated environmental factors and assessment of the risk to the local population through the consumption of leafy vegetables and other allied pathways. The developed species-specific MVLR models were well fitted to predict the concentration of metals in the leafy vegetables. The coefficient of determination values (R2) was greater than 0.8 for all the species-specific models. Risk assessment was carried out considering multiple pathways of ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact of vegetables, soil, water, and free-fall dust. Consumption of leafy vegetables was the major route of metal exposure to the local population in both the metal mining areas. The average hazard index (HI) value considering all the metals and pathways was calculated to be 5.13 and 12.1, respectively for iron and copper mining areas suggesting considerable risk to the local residents. Fe, As, and Cu were the major contributors to non-carcinogenic risk in the Iron mining areas while in the case of copper mining areas, the main contributors were Co, As, and Cu.
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Change history
17 February 2021
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12952-4
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Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Department of Science and Technology and Science and Engineering Research Board for providing the necessary funding for the study under the DST-Young Scientist Scheme (Grant No. YSS/2015/001211) and National Post Doctoral Fellowship (Grant No. PDF/2017/000953/EAS), respectively. Also, the authors are grateful to the Director and the Research group of Natural Resources and Environment Management (NREM) of CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, for providing the needed laboratory amenities and other logistic support to carry out the study.
Funding
The study has been funded by Department of Science and Technology and Science and Engineering Research Board under the DST-Young Scientist Scheme (Grant No. YSS/2015/001211) and National Post Doctoral Fellowship (Grant No. PDF/2017/000953/EAS), respectively.
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SG and MKM were the principal investigators of the both the projects and were involved in sampling, sample preparation, analysis, data compilation, and statistical analysis. The data handling and writing of the present manuscript were done by SG. AKS were the mentor for both the projects. He was also involved in correction of the manuscript and providing valuable inputs for further enhancement of the manuscript.
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Giri, S., Mahato, M.K. & Singh, A.K. Multivariate linear regression models for predicting metal content and sources in leafy vegetables and human health risk assessment in metal mining areas of Southern Jharkhand, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 27250–27260 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12494-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12494-9