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Spatial distribution and eco-environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from a crater lake (Bosomtwe/Bosumtwi)

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Abstract

Thirty samples of sediments were taken from Bosumtwi Lake (also called Bosomtwe Lake) in Ghana and analyzed for the contents of Fe, As, Hg, Co, Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb. Several pollution indices (enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), geoaccumulation (Igeo), and pollution load index (PLI)) were used to determine sedimentary pollution levels, and the risk of environmental exposure was calculated using Hakanson’s potential ecological risk (PER) indices. The results from PER assessments have indicated that sediments from the Bosumtwi Lake present a moderate environmental risk. According to EF calculations, Hg in Bosumtwi lake sediments is the element of concern that is being severely enriched. Hg was the largest contributor to PER with a 97% risk contribution. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the main sources of Hg were agrochemicals and atmospheric deposition, whereas the sources of Fe, As, Co, Cr, and Ni to Bosumtwi Lake were natural processes and are derived from the local lithology. There was no strong significant correlation among the contents of the heavy metals, sediment grain sizes, and total organic carbon (TOC), suggesting their lack of control in the distribution of heavy metals, the source, and the transport pathway. Finally, it is strongly recommended to do a study on Hg bioavailability in Bosumtwi Lake sediments. These findings will be relevant to Bosumtwi Lake’s profiling and historical development of heavy metal loads.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the editors and Prof. Dr. Christian Koeberl of the University of Vienna, for his assistance in clarifying the relevant information mostly on the geology of the Bosumtwi Lake.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant number (21677064); Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation of China under grant number (BE2018694); Zhenjiang Natural Science Foundation of China under grant numbers (SH2018015, SH2018016 and SH2019013) and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China

    Gordon Amankwaa, Weihong Huang & Eric Gyimah

  2. Zhenjiang Agricultural Products Quality Inspection and Testing Center, Zhenjiang, 212003, China

    Xifeng Yin & Liming Zhang

  3. Zhenjiang Food and Drug Supervision and Inspection Center, Zhenjiang, 212004, China

    Yunfei Cao & Xiaoni Ni

Authors
  1. Gordon Amankwaa
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  2. Xifeng Yin
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  5. Yunfei Cao
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  6. Xiaoni Ni
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  7. Eric Gyimah
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Gordon Amankwaa, Eric Gyimah and Weihong Huang. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Gordon Amankwaa, Weihong Huang, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Weihong Huang or Xiaoni Ni.

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Amankwaa, G., Yin, X., Zhang, L. et al. Spatial distribution and eco-environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from a crater lake (Bosomtwe/Bosumtwi). Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 19367–19380 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12112-0

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