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Auramine dyes induce toxic effects to aquatic organisms from different trophic levels: an application of predicted non-effect concentration (PNEC)

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Abstract

The dyes Auramine and Auramine O are used in several industrial products, despite the scarce information regarding their ecotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to assess the acute and chronic toxicity of both dyes to aquatic organisms from different trophic levels (Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia similis, Hydra attenuata, and Danio rerio) and calculate their predicted non-effect concentrations (PNEC). Auramine and Auramine O induced toxicity to all selected test organisms with L(E)C50 values ranging from 300 to 4800 ug/L. Both dyes induced inhibition in the growth rate of exposed algae, negatively affecting the reproduction of D. similis and induced deformities in H. attenuata (clubbed tentacles and shortened tentacles) and D. rerio (edemas, tail malformation and delay in yolk sac absorption). PNEC values of 0.92 μg/L and 4.0 μg/L were obtained for Auramine and Auramine O, respectively, based on results of the most sensitive test system (algae). Test results were analyzed using the Criteria of Reporting and Evaluating Ecotoxicity Data (CRED), confirming their reliability and relevance. Thus, PNEC values can be used in future risk assessments of those substances in freshwater systems.

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Funding

This study was supported by the Brazilian Ministry of Education, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES) (Finance Code 001) through a personal grant provided to CCJA, and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) RO (grant no. 2018/03108-0).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil

    Carina Cristina de Jesus Azevedo, Rhaul de Oliveira, Paula Suares-Rocha, Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro & Cassiana Carolina Montagner

  2. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, UNB, Brasília, DF, Brazil

    Diego Sousa-Moura, Augusto Tianwen Li & Cesar Koppe Grisolia

  3. Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Sau Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro

  4. Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil

    Cassiana Carolina Montagner

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  1. Carina Cristina de Jesus Azevedo
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  2. Rhaul de Oliveira
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  3. Paula Suares-Rocha
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Correspondence to Carina Cristina de Jesus Azevedo.

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The experiments are in accordance with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee at the University of Brasilia (reference no 100226/2014).

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Highlights

• Assessment of aquatic toxicity of auramine dyes using organisms from different trophic levels, Raphidocelis subcapitata (autotrophs), Dapnhia similis (primary consumers), and Hydra attenuata and Danio rerio (secondary consumers).

• Lethality for D. similis, H. attenuata, and D. rerio in concentrations below of 4800 μg/L.

• Induced inhibition in the growth rate of exposed algae, negatively affecting the reproduction of D. similis and induced deformities in H. attenuata (clubbed tentacles and shortened tentacles) and D. rerio (edemas, tail malformation and delay in yolk sac absorption) in sublethal concentrations.

• PNEC values of 0.92 μg/L (Auramine) and 4.6 μg/L (Auramine O) were derived.

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de Jesus Azevedo, C.C., de Oliveira, R., Suares-Rocha, P. et al. Auramine dyes induce toxic effects to aquatic organisms from different trophic levels: an application of predicted non-effect concentration (PNEC). Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 1866–1877 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10462-3

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