Abstract
The effect of fungicides, commonly used in vine cultures, on the health of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems has been poorly studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of three viticulture fungicides (myclobutanil, cymoxanil, and azoxystrobin) on non-target organisms, the bacteria Rhodopirellula rubra, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, and Arthrobacter sp., the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata, and the macrophyte Lemna minor. Fungicide toxicity was performed in acute cell viability assay for bacteria; 72-h and 7-day growth inhibition tests for R. subcapitata and L. minor, respectively. Contents of photosynthetic pigments and lipid peroxidation in L. minor were evaluated. Arthrobacter sp. and P. putida showed resistance to these fungicides. Even though azoxystrobin affected R. rubra and E. coli cell viability, this effect was due to the solvent used, acetone. Cell viability decrease was obtained for R. rubra exposed to cymoxanil and E. coli exposed to myclobutanil (30 min of exposure at 10 mg/L and 240 min of exposure at 46 mg/L, respectively). R. subcapitata showed about 10-fold higher sensitivity to azoxystrobin (EC50-72h = 0.25 mg/L) and cymoxanil (EC50-72h = 0.36 mg/L) than L. minor to azoxystrobin and myclobutanil (EC50-72h = 1.53 mg/L and EC50-72h = 1.89 mg/L, respectively). No lipid peroxidation was observed in L. minor after fungicide exposure, while changes of total chlorophyll were induced by azoxystrobin and myclobutanil. Our results showed that non-target aquatic organisms of different trophic levels are affected by fungicides used in viticulture.
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S.C.A. is hired through the Regulamento do Emprego Científico e Tecnológico—RJEC from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) program (CEECIND/01756/2017). This work was supported by National Funds (through the Portuguese Science Foundation) and by the European Regional Development Fund (through COMPETE2020 and PT2020) by means of the research project FunG-Eye (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029505), and by the Strategic Funding UID/Multi/04423/2019 through national funds provided by FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), in the framework of the program PT2020, and by the project.
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Marinho, M.d., Diogo, B.S., Lage, O.M. et al. Ecotoxicological evaluation of fungicides used in viticulture in non-target organisms. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 43958–43969 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10245-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10245-w