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Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen and codeine medicines using a novel zeolite-supported TiO2 and ZnO under UV and sunlight irradiation

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Abstract

Pharmaceutical compounds are considered as emerging contaminants in the aquatic environments that are not easily eliminated by conventional treatment processes. In the present study, the photocatalytic oxidation of acetaminophen and codeine medicines under UV and solar irradiation was investigated in the aqueous solutions using a novel synthesized zeolite from stone cutting sludge as a support for TiO2 and ZnO. The effect of photocatalyst synthesis conditions including catalyst dose, mixing time, calcination time, and temperature on the efficiency of the pharmaceutical removal were optimized using Taguchi process optimization method. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized using X-ray diffractometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, the BET surface area, and the Fourier transformation infrared. The results indicated that the performance of ZnO-zeolite for the removal of acetaminophen-codeine under UV and solar radiation with 58.7% and 45.7% was better than that of TiO2-zeolite with 44.3% and 39.2% efficiency, respectively. Removal efficiency under UV and solar radiation was comparable, suggesting that sunlight could be a promising source for treatment of contaminated water by acetaminophen and codeine using photocatalytic degradation. Regeneration of the prepared photocatalysts after 4 cycles revealed a slight decrease in their efficiency. Overall, photocatalytic degradation of the medicines in the water and wastewater using the ZnO-zeolite and TiO2-zeolite could be developed as an efficient treatment process.

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Acknowledgments

The financial support of this project under the contract 941035 by the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) is appreciated. The authors would like to thank the Amin Pharmaceutical Company, Isfahan, Iran, and Dr. Fazlollah Heydarnejad for their assistance and support in HPLC analyses. We would like also thank Professor Jan H. Christensen for his useful comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

    Samira Behravesh, Nourollah Mirghaffari & Mohsen Soleimani

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

    Ali Akbar Alemrajabi

  3. Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

    Fatemeh Davar

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  1. Samira Behravesh
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  2. Nourollah Mirghaffari
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  3. Ali Akbar Alemrajabi
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Correspondence to Nourollah Mirghaffari.

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Behravesh, S., Mirghaffari, N., Alemrajabi, A.A. et al. Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen and codeine medicines using a novel zeolite-supported TiO2 and ZnO under UV and sunlight irradiation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 26929–26942 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09038-y

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