Abstract
Sulfadiazine (SDZ) residues have been detected in manured soils as well as their adjacent water resources, but its behavior is still poorly understood in acidic tropical soils. This research aimed to evaluate sorption, leaching, and biodegradation of 14C-SDZ in four acidic soils from Brazil, using OECD guidelines. Except for the sand soil (Kd = 2.6 L kg−1), SDZ sorption tended to be higher (Kd > 8.4 L kg−1) and more hysteretic (ΔH >> 1) in acidic soils. When freshly applied, SDZ leaching was low (< 0.11% of applied radioactivity (AR)) and could not always be predicted by Kd values; but leaching was restricted when SDZ was aged for 62 days. SDZ mineralization was low (< 3%) but its dissipation was fast (DT50 < 2.3 days and DT90 < 6.3 days) due to fast initial degradation (an unknown metabolite was immediately formed, likely 4-hydroxysulfadiazine) and mainly to fast formation of non-extractable residues (NER) (> 78% of AR up to 7 days). For certain acidic soils, the abrupt breakdown of the SDZ suggests that degradation should be initially chemical and then followed by enzymatically driven reactions. The fast formation of NERs was attributed mostly to chemical bounding to soil humic substances (Type II-NER), but SDZ sequestration cannot be ruled out (Type I-NER). NERs represent a long-term environmental reservoir of SDZ that may cause deleterious effects on non-target organisms as well as promote antibiotic resistance to soil microbes.
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Acknowledgments
We are thankful to São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (Process: 2009/01596-9) for supporting this research, to CNPq for granting the first author a Master’s degree scholarship; and to Carlos Alberto Dorelli and Rodrigo Pompinato for their technical support.
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Reia, M.Y., Leal, R.M.P., Tornisielo, V.L. et al. Sulfadiazine dissipation in acidic tropical soils. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 21243–21251 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08456-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08456-2