Abstract
This study reports the eco-friendly preparation of a novel composite material consisting of red mud and carbon spheres, denoted as red mud@C composite, and its application for the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide (2,4-D) from aqueous solution. The preparation route has a green approach because it follows the low-energy consuming one-step hydrothermal process by using starch as a renewable carbon precursor and red mud as a waste from aluminum production industry. Characterization of the red mud@C composite was performed by FT-IR, TGA, SEM, TEM, BET, XRD, and Raman microscopy analyses. The batch adsorption studies revealed that the red mud@C composite has higher 2,4-D adsorption efficiency than those of the red mud and the naked carbon spheres. The maximum removal at initial pH of 3.0 is explained by considering the pKa of 2,4-D and pH of point of zero charge (pHpzc) of the composite material. The adsorption equilibrium time was 60 min, which followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model together with intra-particle diffusion model. The isotherm analysis indicated that Freundlich isotherm model better represented the adsorption data, with isotherm parameters of k [15.849 (mg/g) (mg/L)−1/n] and n (2.985). The prepared composite is reusable at least 5 cycles of adsorption-desorption with no significant decrease in the adsorption capacity.
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The authors are grateful to the Scientific Research Projects of Necmettin Erbakan University (151219003) for the financial support.
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Supporting Information. XRD patterns of the materials, the removal efficiencies, the graphs of kinetic model, diffusion models, Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich-Peterson isotherms, and the changes in adsorption capacity of regenerated red mud@C composite.(DOCX 1257 kb)
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Kazak, O., Eker, Y.R., Akin, I. et al. Green preparation of a novel red mud@carbon composite and its application for adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from aqueous solution. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 23057–23068 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9937-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9937-x