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Assessing the chemical behavior and spatial distribution of yttrium and rare earth elements (YREEs) in a coastal aquifer adjacent to the Urmia Hypersaline Lake, NW Iran

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Abstract

This study aims to shed light on the seasonal behavior of yttrium and rare earth elements (YREEs) in the Urmia Aquifer (UA), in the immediate vicinity of Urmia Lake (UL) in Iran. Samples of groundwater, collected under dry and wet conditions in coastal wells of UA, suggest a large degree of variability in both YREE abundance and normalized patterns. Although weathering or water-rock interactions (between the surface/groundwater and rock samples) were predicted to be the most probable source in explaining YREEs in groundwater samples, results to the contrary indicate that the groundwater do not inherit aquifer rock-like YREE signatures in the study area; this might be due to the relative stability of YREEs during the process of water-rock interactions, which suggest that methods based on YREEs can be beneficial in discrimination of water sources. Furthermore, findings demonstrated no significant relationship between Ce/Ce* and salinity (0.08 and 0.05 in wet and dry seasons, respectively), and between Eu/Eu* and salinity (0.1 and −0.04 in wet and dry seasons, respectively). Dissimilarity of patterns of YREEs in rock and water samples reveals YREEs as no conservative tracers in determining the UL saltwater intrusion into coastal groundwater. Therefore, the groundwater YREE concentrations and fractionation patterns in UA warrant controlling by coastal aquifer need to be controlled by other chemical weathering, adsorption, desorption, and solution complexation reactions. Finally, comparison of REE concentration values in groundwater samples with corresponding indicative admissible drinking water concentrations (IAC) demonstrated their suitability for drinking purposes.

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Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by Geological Survey of Iran (GSI). We would like to thank all of the members of the GSI, especially Dr. Razyeh Lak for their kind cooperation that made this research possible. We wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. We also like to thank the Dr. Philippe Garrigues, Editor-in-Chief of ESPR journal, for his helpful comments and support during the review process.

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  1. Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

    Nassim Sohrabi & Nasrollah Kalantari

  2. Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University, P.O. Box 31979-37551, Tehran, Iran

    Vahab Amiri & Mohammad Nakhaei

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  1. Nassim Sohrabi
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Sohrabi, N., Kalantari, N., Amiri, V. et al. Assessing the chemical behavior and spatial distribution of yttrium and rare earth elements (YREEs) in a coastal aquifer adjacent to the Urmia Hypersaline Lake, NW Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 20502–20520 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9644-7

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