Abstract
Microbial synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) has attracted considerable attention in recent times due to their exceptional capability for the bioremediation of industrial wastes and also for the treatment of wastewater. A bacterial strain Staphylococcus warneri, isolated from the estuarine mangroves of Sundarbans region produced highly stable GNPs by reducing hydrogen auric chloride (HAucl4) salt using intracellular protein extract. The nanoparticles were characterized utilizing ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and surface enhanced Raman scattering. Highly dispersed, spherically shaped GNPs varied around 15–25 nm in size and were highly crystalline with face-centered cubic structures. Recyclable catalytic activity of as-synthesized GNPs was evidenced by complete degradation of nitro aromatic pollutants like 2-nitroaniline, 4-nitroaniline, 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol. Our GNPs show excellent and efficient catalytic activity with significantly high rate constant (10−1 order) and high turnover frequency (103 order) in recyclable manner up to three times. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Staphylococcus warneri in the production of gold nanoparticles. This green technology for bioremediation of toxic nitro aromatic pollutants is safe and economically beneficial to challenge the development and sustainability issue.
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the World Bank, for all the necessary support for the execution of ICZM project, West Bengal. Sudip Nag acknowledges World Bank ICZM project (54-ICZMP/3P) for providing his fellowship and financial support to carry out this work. Dr. Arnab Pramanik is supported by Research Associateship from NCSCM (MoEF, Govt. of India, grant no. 21/RCO/CR/CMR/2013). We would like to acknowledge the continuous encouragement and enthusiasm expressed by Mr. Tapas Paul and Dr. Herbert K. Acquay from the World Bank in our venture to explore the world heritage site, Sundarbans. We express our sincere gratitude to SPMU, NPMU, and IESWM for their continuous support. We are grateful to Prof. Parimal Karmakar, Jadavpur University, for his support during DLS and zeta potential measurements; Dr. Dipankar Das and Mr. Pallippuram Venkitaraman Rajesh, UGC-DAE, for their help in using XRD facility; Prof. Munna Sarkar, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, for her support during FTIR data analysis; and Dr. Subrata Kundu, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute for the valuable discussion. We are grateful to Dr. Achintya Singha and Mr. Tara Shankar Bhattacharya, Bose Institute, for their active support in performing SERS measurement and analyzing the data. We like to acknowledge UGC-CAS, DST–FIST, DBT-IPLS, UGC-UPE in the Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, and Centre for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CRNN), University of Calcutta, for providing the instrumental facility and infrastructural support. It would not be possible to carry out this work without the help and support of the local people of the Sundarbans. We express our inability to acknowledge them individually.
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Nag, S., Pramanik, A., Chattopadhyay, D. et al. Green-fabrication of gold nanomaterials using Staphylococcus warneri from Sundarbans estuary: an effective recyclable nanocatalyst for degrading nitro aromatic pollutants. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 2331–2349 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0617-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0617-7