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Drying–submergence alternation enhanced crystalline ratio and varied surface properties of iron plaque on rice (Oryza sativa) roots

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Abstract

Iron plaque (IP) is valuable in nutrient management and contaminant tolerance for rice (Oryza sativa) because it can adsorb various nutrients and toxic ions. Crystalline ratio (CR) can be defined as the proportion of crystalline iron (CI) to total IP to describe IP crystallinity. Although the knowledge on IP has abounded, the information on the relationship among its formation condition, surface properties, and CR remains insufficient. In this study, quartz sand–soil cultivation with rice was conducted to explore the effect of drying–submergence alternation (DSA) on CI, amorphous iron (AI), CR, root oxidizing capacity (ROC), and surface properties of IP with different treatment durations and at different stages. Fourteen-day DSA treatment increased CI to 2.20 times of that after continuous submergence (CS) but decreased AI to 72.3% of that after CS. Correspondingly, CR was raised to 6.89% from 4.08%. Remarkably, CR of IP after DSA ending in submergence and ending in drying was 6.89% and 4.23%, respectively. In addition, ROC after 14-day DSA was enhanced to twice of that after CS. Results from scanning electronic microscope suggested that 14-day DSA induced thinner sheets with finer particles in IP compared to that after CS. Results from X-ray diffraction revealed that IP contained higher proportions of goethite, lepidocrocite, magnetite, and hematite after DSA than those after CS. Variable charge and surface area of IP after DSA were only 26.5% and 32.0% of those after CS, respectively. Together, our results indicated that proper strength DSA promoted ROC and transformation from AI to CI, and consequently increased CR of IP, while it changed its surface properties.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Mr. Gangling He from the College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), for his help in iron component analysis with X-ray powder diffraction; Ms. Jingyun Zhou from the Instrumentation Analysis and Research Center, SCAU, for her guidance in sample preparation for scanning electronic microscope (SEM); and Mr. Qian Sun of the School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), as well as Dr. Shiheng Yin from the Analytical and Testing Center, SCUT, for their help in sample observation for SEM.

Funding

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 31372125).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, People’s Republic of China

    Xu-Jian Yang & Hong Shen

  2. Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia

    Zhihong Xu

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  1. Xu-Jian Yang
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  2. Zhihong Xu
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  3. Hong Shen
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Correspondence to Hong Shen.

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Electronic supplementary material

Online Resource 1

Rhizosphere Eh fluctuation in normal and inactivated plants during DSA treatment. D, drying phase; S, submergence phase (GIF 13 kb)

High Resolution Image (EPS 2066 kb)

Online Resource 2

Phase list of IP sample after CS treatment (PDF 47 kb)

Online Resource 3

Phase list of IP sample after 7-day DSA treatment (PDF 47 kb)

Online Resource 4

Phase list of IP sample after 14-day DSA treatment (PDF 48 kb)

Online Resource 5

Phase list of IP sample after 28-day DSA treatment (PDF 47 kb)

Online Resource 6

Scanning electronic microscopy of IP surface after different treatments. a–d, microscopies with ×100 magnification; e–h, microscopies with ×1000 magnification. a and e, normal plants after DSA treatment; b and f, normal plants after CS treatment; c and g, inactivated plants after DSA treatment; d and h, inactivated plants after CS treatment (GIF 293 kb)

(GIF 286 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIFF 37153 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIFF 37156 kb)

Online Resource 7

Scanning electronic microscopy of root cross-section with IP after different treatments. a Normal plants after DSA treatment, b normal plants after CS treatment, c inactivated plants after DSA treatment, d inactivated plants after CS treatment, e magnified image of panel (a) in epidermis and IP, f magnified image of panel (b) in epidermis and IP. (GIF 101 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIFF 28618 kb)

Online Resource 8

F test for the effect of subsistence and water management on IP components (PDF 57 kb)

Online Resource 9

IP components and crystalline ratio under soil and sand cultivation conditions after DSA (PDF 56 kb)

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Yang, XJ., Xu, Z. & Shen, H. Drying–submergence alternation enhanced crystalline ratio and varied surface properties of iron plaque on rice (Oryza sativa) roots. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 3571–3587 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0509-x

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