Abstract
Olive stones (OS) were submitted to hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) in order to evaluate the possibility of producing high added-value products, mainly furfural (FU) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) on one hand and hydrochars and carbons on the other hand. Temperature (160–240 °C), residence time (1–8 h), initial pH (1–5.5) and liquid/solid ratio (4–48 w/w) were systematically varied in order to study the main products and to optimise FU production. FU production yield up to 19.9 %, based on the hemicellulose content, was obtained. Other minor, but valuable, compounds such as 5-methylfurfural (5-MF) and some phenolic compounds were also produced. The hydrochar was carbonised at 900 °C, and the resultant carbon material was highly ultramicroporous with a peak of pore size distribution centred on 0.5 nm and a surface area as high as 1065 m2 g−1, typical of most carbon molecular sieves.
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Acknowledgments
A.M. Borrero-López acknowledges the training grant of the University of Granada (Spain) through ERASMUS+ programme. A. Jeder acknowledges the PhD and training grants of the University of Gabès (Tunisia) and the CHEERS (FEDER funds) project. Authors are grateful to CPER 2007–2013 ‘Structuration du Pôle de Compétitivité Fibres Grand’Est’ (Competitiveness Fibre Cluster), through local (Conseil Général des Vosges), regional (Région Lorraine), national (DRRT and FNADT) and European (FEDER) funds for the financial support.
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Borrero-López, A., Fierro, V., Jeder, A. et al. High added-value products from the hydrothermal carbonisation of olive stones. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 9859–9869 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7807-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7807-6