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Characterization of aqueous formulations of tetra- and pentavalent forms of vanadium in support of test article selection in toxicology studies

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Abstract

Tetravalent (VIV) and pentavalent (VV) forms of vanadium were selected for testing by the National Toxicology Program via drinking water exposure due to potential human exposure. To aid in the test article selection, drinking water formulations (125–2000 mg/L) of vanadyl sulfate (VIV), sodium orthovanadate, and sodium metavanadate (VV) were characterized by ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), or 51V nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Aqueous formulations of orthovanadate, metavanadate, and vanadyl sulfate in general were basic, neutral, and acidic, respectively. Changes in vanadium speciation were investigated by adjusting formulation pH to acidic, neutral, or basic. There was no visible difference in UV/VIS spectra of pentavalent forms. NMR and MS analyses showed that the predominant oxidovanadate species in both ortho- and metavanadate formulations at basic and acidic pH, respectively, were the monomer and decamer, while, a mixture of oxidovanadates were present at neutral pH. Oxidovanadate species were not observed in vanadyl sulfate formulations at acidic pH but were observed at basic pH suggesting conversion of VIV to VV. These data suggest that formulations of both ortho- and metavanadate form similar oxidovanadate species in acidic, neutral and basic pH and exist mainly in the VV form while vanadyl sulfate exists mainly as VIV in acidic pH. Therefore, the formulation stability overtime was investigated only for sodium metavanadate and vanadyl sulfate. Drinking water formulations (50 and 2000 mg/L) of metavanadate (~pH 7) and vanadyl sulfate (~pH 3.5) were ≥92 % of target concentration up to 42 days at ~5 °C and ambient temperature demonstrating the utility in toxicology studies.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Mr. Brad Collins and Dr. Georgia Roberts for their review of this manuscript. This work was performed for the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, under contract no. HHSN273201000016C.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Drop K2-07, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA

    Esra Mutlu, Michelle J. Hooth & Suramya Waidyanatha

  2. Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA

    Tim Cristy & Steven W. Graves

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  1. Esra Mutlu
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  2. Tim Cristy
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  3. Steven W. Graves
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  4. Michelle J. Hooth
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  5. Suramya Waidyanatha
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Correspondence to Suramya Waidyanatha.

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

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Mutlu, E., Cristy, T., Graves, S.W. et al. Characterization of aqueous formulations of tetra- and pentavalent forms of vanadium in support of test article selection in toxicology studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 405–416 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7803-x

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