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Scanning electron microscopic observations of Basic Violet-1 induced changes in the gill morphology of Labeo rohita

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Abstract

Scanning electron microscopic observations were made for the changes in the surface ultra morphology of gill of Labeo rohita as indicators of the stress of lethal (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mg/L dye) and sublethal (0.0225, 0.045, and 0.09 mg/L dye) doses of Basic Violet-1 (CI: 42535, Trade name- Methyl Violet-2B). Present study was taken up as insufficient data exist regarding safety of this dye. The dye was observed to be cytotoxic in nature during the short term (96 h) exposure to lethal doses and tumorogenic as well as cytotoxic during the long term (150 day) exposure to sublethal doses. The dye caused reduction or complete loss of microridges, proliferation of chloride cells, and degeneration of gill lamellae and rakers. The toxic effects became more pronounced with duration as 0.0225 mg/L dye caused remarkable distortion of the normal structure of gills after 150 days of exposure. Such changes may have become the underlying cause for 45–50 % mortality of fish exposed to even sublethal doses of dye as the gills of fish perform a range of vital functions. In the present study, changes in ultra morphology were observed on the 50th day whereas mortality was noticed between 100 and 150 days of subchronic exposure. Therefore, time to time monitoring of ultra morphology of gill will provide us early indicators for the stress of very low levels of pollutants which may later cause mortality of the fish.

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Abbreviations

BV-1:

Basic Violet-1

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

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Acknowledgment

Financial support from UGC as SRF to K Kaur (Vide Letter No. F.40-50(M/S)/2009(SA-III/MANF) and UPE to A Kaur is greatly acknowledged. We are thankful to Mr Kawal, Technician at the Central Instrumentation Facility, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar for help in SEM photography.

Author contributions

The study was designed by A Kaur. K Kaur and S Kaur performed the experiment. A Kaur oversaw the study and provided overall supervision and management of the work. K Kaur wrote the first draft. All authors were involved in interpretation of results, critical evaluation, and approval of the final manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India

    Kirandeep Kaur, Satinder Kaur & Arvinder Kaur

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  1. Kirandeep Kaur
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  2. Satinder Kaur
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  3. Arvinder Kaur
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Correspondence to Arvinder Kaur.

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Kaur, K., Kaur, S. & Kaur, A. Scanning electron microscopic observations of Basic Violet-1 induced changes in the gill morphology of Labeo rohita . Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 16579–16588 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6764-4

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