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Formation of hydroxyl radicals and kinetic study of 2-chlorophenol photocatalytic oxidation using C-doped TiO2, N-doped TiO2, and C,N Co-doped TiO2 under visible light

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Abstract

This work reports on synthesis, characterization, adsorption ability, formation rate of hydroxyl radicals (OH•), photocatalytic oxidation kinetics, and mineralization ability of C-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2), N-doped TiO2, and C,N co-doped TiO2 prepared by the sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV–visible spectroscopy were used to analyze the titania. The rate of formation of OH• for each type of titania was determined, and the OH-index was calculated. The kinetics of as-synthesized TiO2 catalysts in photocatalytic oxidation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) under visible light irradiation were evaluated. Results revealed that nitrogen was incorporated into the lattice of titania with the structure of O-Ti-N linkages in N-doped TiO2 and C,N co-doped TiO2. Carbon was joined to the Ti-O-C bond in the C-doped TiO2 and C,N co-doped TiO2. The 2-CP adsorption ability of C,N co-doped TiO2 and C-doped TiO2 originated from a layer composed of a complex carbonaceous mixture at the surface of TiO2. C,N co-doped TiO2 had highest formation rate of OH• and photocatalytic activity due to a synergistic effect of carbon and nitrogen co-doping. The order of photocatalytic activity per unit surface area was the same as that of the formation rate of OH• unit surface area in the following order: C,N co-doped TiO2 > C-doped TiO2 > N-doped TiO2 > undoped TiO2.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by Naresuan University Research (No. R2558B045) through Center of Excellence on Environmental Research and Innovation, Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center of Excellence on Environmental Research and Innovation, Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand

    Jirapat Ananpattarachai & Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul

  2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA

    Supapan Seraphin

Authors
  1. Jirapat Ananpattarachai
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  2. Supapan Seraphin
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  3. Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul
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Correspondence to Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul.

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Responsible editor: Santiago V. Luis

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Ananpattarachai, J., Seraphin, S. & Kajitvichyanukul, P. Formation of hydroxyl radicals and kinetic study of 2-chlorophenol photocatalytic oxidation using C-doped TiO2, N-doped TiO2, and C,N Co-doped TiO2 under visible light. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 3884–3896 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5570-8

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