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Lead toxicity in rice: effects, mechanisms, and mitigation strategies—a mini review

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Abstract

Lead (Pb) is a major environmental pollutant that affects plant morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes. Its higher levels in the environment are not only toxic to human beings but also harmful for plants and soil microbes. We have reviewed the uptake, translocation, and accumulation mechanisms of Pb and its toxic effects on germination, growth, yield, nutrient relation, photosynthesis, respiration, oxidative damage, and antioxidant defense system of rice. Lead toxicity hampers rice germination, root/shoot length, growth, and final yield. It reduces nutrient uptake through roots, disrupts chloroplastic ultrastructure and cell membrane permeability, induces alterations in leaves respiratory activities, produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), and triggers some enzyme and non-enzymatic antioxidants (as defense to oxidative damage). In the end, biochar amendments and phytoremediation technologies have been proposed as soil remediation approaches for Pb tainted soils.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Crop science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People’s Republic of China

    Umair Ashraf, Adam Sheka Kanu, Zhaowen Mo & Xiangru Tang

  2. Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

    Umair Ashraf, Adam Sheka Kanu, Zhaowen Mo & Xiangru Tang

  3. College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People’s Republic of China

    Saddam Hussain

  4. Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Punjab, Pakistan

    Shakeel Ahmad Anjum, Imran Khan & Rana Nadeem Abbas

Authors
  1. Umair Ashraf
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  2. Adam Sheka Kanu
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  3. Zhaowen Mo
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  4. Saddam Hussain
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  5. Shakeel Ahmad Anjum
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  6. Imran Khan
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  7. Rana Nadeem Abbas
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  8. Xiangru Tang
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Correspondence to Xiangru Tang.

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Responsible editor: Elena Maestri

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Ashraf, U., Kanu, A.S., Mo, Z. et al. Lead toxicity in rice: effects, mechanisms, and mitigation strategies—a mini review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 18318–18332 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5463-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5463-x

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