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Airborne mineral components and trace metals in Paris region: spatial and temporal variability

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Abstract

A variety of mineral components (Al, Fe) and trace metals (V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) were simultaneously measured in PM2.5 and PM10 fractions at three different locations (traffic, urban, and suburban) in the Greater Paris Area (GPA) on a daily basis throughout a year. Mineral species and trace metal levels measured in both fractions are in agreement with those reported in the literature and below the thresholds defined by the European guidelines for toxic metals (Cd, Ni, Pb). Size distribution between PM2.5 and PM10 fractions revealed that mineral components prevail in the coarse mode, while trace metals are mainly confined in the fine one. Enrichment factor analysis, statistical analysis, and seasonal variability suggest that elements such as Mn, Cr, Zn, Fe, and Cu are attributed to traffic, V and Ni to oil combustion while Cd and Pb to industrial activities with regional origin. Meteorological parameters such as rain, boundary layer height (BLH), and air mass origin were found to significantly influence element concentrations. Periods with high frequency of northern and eastern air masses (from high populated and industrialized areas) are characterized by high metal concentrations. Finally, inner city and traffic emissions were also evaluated in PM2.5 fraction. Significant contributions (>50 %) were measured in the traffic site for Mn, Fe, Cr, Zn, and Cu, confirming that vehicle emissions contribute significantly to their levels, while in the urban site, the lower contributions (18 to 33 %) for all measured metals highlight the influence of regional sources on their levels.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the two anonymous reviewers as well as the associate editor Prof. G. Lammel for their helpful remarks.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Crete, Greece

    E. Poulakis, C. Theodosi & N. Mihalopoulos

  2. Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE, UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France

    M. Bressi & J. Sciare

  3. AIRPARIF, Surveillance de la Qualité de l’Air en Ile-de-France, Paris, 75004, France

    V. Ghersi

  4. Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development (IERSD), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Athens, Greece

    N. Mihalopoulos

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  1. E. Poulakis
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  2. C. Theodosi
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  3. M. Bressi
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  4. J. Sciare
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  5. V. Ghersi
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  6. N. Mihalopoulos
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Correspondence to N. Mihalopoulos.

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Responsible editor: Gerhard Lammel

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Poulakis, E., Theodosi, C., Bressi, M. et al. Airborne mineral components and trace metals in Paris region: spatial and temporal variability. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 14663–14672 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4679-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4679-0

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