Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are widespread environmental pollutants with a high potential to act as human carcinogens and mutagens. The behavior of PACs is significantly affected by their interactions with dissolved organic matter (DOM), such as their transport, solubility, bioavailability, and bioaccumulation in the aquatic environment. Being a basic PAC, benzo(h)quinoline (BQ) is the dominant species, as the solution’s pH value is higher than BQ’s pK a (pK a of BQ = 4.2). In contrast, benzo(h)quinolinium (BQH+) is the major species, as the solution’s pH value is lower than its pK a. The binding constant (K DOC), measured by fluorescence quenching, between BQ/BQH+ and Leonardite humic acid (LHA) would decrease 70 to 95 % and 20 to 90 % when increasing the ionic strength in acidic and neutral to basic conditions, respectively. The results can be attributed to the added cation (Na+ and Mg2+), which forms a bridge with LHA and enhances the intramolecular reaction among these functional groups, therefore inducing the coiling up within the LHA molecule. In addition, the decrease of the K DOC with added MgCl2/MgSO4 (75–95 %) is higher than that with added NaCl/Na2SO4 (20–75 %), indicating that the K DOC was affected by the charge density of cations. The fluorescence intensity of BQH+ in the absence of LHA (F 0) was found to decay only in the acidic solution with Cl−, suggesting that Cl− might be a heavy atom serving as a quencher in an acidic solution.
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Acknowledgements
We gratefully appreciate Caroline Brimblecombe for proofreading this manuscript and for her helpful discussions. We thank the Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education of Taiwan, and the Research Center of Environmental Medicine for providing financial support for this research under contract NSC 101-2611-M-110-012, DOE 01C030203, and KMU-TP103A27. The authors also appreciate the reviewers’ valuable comments to improve the quality of this article.
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Chang, KC., Lee, CL., Hsieh, PC. et al. pH and ionic strength effects on the binding constant between a nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compound and humic acid. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 13234–13242 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4392-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4392-z