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Partitioning of Clamping Strains in a Nineteen Parallel Wire Strand

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Abstract

We report the first direct measurements of clamping strains within individual wires of a 19 parallel wire strand constrained by a clamshell clamp. In these measurements neutron diffraction was used to determine the elastic strains along three orthogonal axes for all of the individual wires across the strand cross section underneath the clamp for various clamping loads. We observed that, while, for all clamping loads, the clamping strains within individual wires were heterogeneously distributed, increasing the clamping force significantly decreased the strain heterogeneity. In contrast, no strain heterogeneity was observed in a rigorous companion finite-element model of the strand unless dimensional variations in the wire diameters were introduced. Our results are in agreement with the hypothesis by Gjelsvik, which states that, within a parallel wire bridge cable, local variations in wire diameter due to manufacturing tolerances can lead to large variations in clamping constraint.

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Notes

  1. The Gjelsvik values are quoted with the appropriate Raoof corrections.

  2. An average sized suspension bridge cable with 9000 wires will have upwards of 53,000 wire-to-wire contact surfaces, as each wire is generally in contact with six neighboring wires. Since the wires are arranged in a tight packing regime, their contact behavior is highly coupled to their neighbors, introducing a strong potential for divergence of FEM model solutions. The computational cost of such complicated multi-body numerical models and the hazard of divergence of the solution are the main motivations behind using simplified models with prescribed stress fields.

  3. Mitutoyo Model 293–348-30 Micrometer (1 μm Accuracy), Mitutoyo Corporation, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.

  4. Curtis universal joint, Model CJ655, Curtis Universal Joint Company, Springfield, MA.

  5. ESCO SocketFast® Resin Compound, ITW Polymer Technologies and ESCO Corporation, Portland, OR.

  6. 64-bit OS, 12 GB RAM, Intel i7–950 Processor @ 3.07GHz, Quad Core, 8 MB Cache

  7. This procedure could be undertaken since the measured lattice parameters in the \( \overrightarrow{x} \) and \( \overrightarrow{z} \) directions were found to be equal within measurement error.

  8. Bolt yield strength of 255 MPa is the reported proof load of the fastener per manufacturer specifications. Three experimental trials were conducted to identify the ultimate torsional capacity of the bolts when used with the Al clamp (Fig. 4) in this setup; the ultimate torques at failure were 235 Nm, 237 Nm, and 254 Nm.

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Acknowledgements

A portion of this research at ORNL’s Spallation Neutron Source was sponsored by the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy. We would like to acknowledge Harley Skorpenske, Ducu Stoica, and Ke An for their support of our work at the ORNL VULCAN Engineering Materials Diffractometer.

This research was made possible by NSF Engineering Mechanics Grant Funding Award 1233885. The design and manufacture of the sample used in the experiments was part of the Master of Science thesis of Ms. Janelle Aba Atta Mills. The FEM simulations were executed by Dr. Seung-Yub Lee and Ms. Jingjing Ling. Additional simulations were carried out by Mr. Shenghe Wang. This work constitutes a part of the thesis work of Mr. Adrian Brügger towards a doctoral degree in civil engineering/engineering mechanics.

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  1. J. A. A. Mills

    Present address: Skanska US Civil, Queens, NY, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, 500 West 120th St. MC4709, 610 S.W. Mudd Building, New York, NY, USA

    A. Brügger, J. A. A. Mills & R. Betti

  2. Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, 500 West 120th St. MC4701, 200 S.W. Mudd Building, New York, NY, USA

    S.-Y. Lee & I.C. Noyan

Authors
  1. A. Brügger
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  2. S.-Y. Lee
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  3. J. A. A. Mills
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  4. R. Betti
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  5. I.C. Noyan
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Correspondence to I.C. Noyan.

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Brügger, A., Lee, SY., Mills, J.A.A. et al. Partitioning of Clamping Strains in a Nineteen Parallel Wire Strand. Exp Mech 57, 921–937 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-017-0276-0

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