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1H-NMR and mass spectrometric characterization of the metabolic response of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to long-term handling stress

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Abstract

Stressors of various kinds constantly affect fish both in the wild and in culture, examples being acute water temperature and quality changes, predation, handling, and confinement. Known physiological responses of fish to stress such as increases in plasma cortisol and glucose levels, are considered to be adaptive, allowing the animal to cope in the short term. Prolonged exposure to stressors however, has the potential to affect growth, immune function, and survival. Nonetheless, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the long-term stress response. We have investigated the metabolic response of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to long-term handling stress by analyzing fish plasma via 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and ultra high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS), and comparing results with controls. Analysis of NMR data indicated a difference in the metabolic profiles of control and stressed fish after 1 week of stress with a maximum difference observed after 2 weeks. These differences were associated with stress-induced increases in phosphatidyl choline, lactate, carbohydrates, alanine, valine and trimethylamine-N-oxide, and decreases in low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, and lipid. UPLC-MS data showed differences at week 2, associated with another set of compounds, tentatively identified on the basis of their mass/charge. Overall the results provided a multi-faceted view of the response of fish to long-term handling stress, indicating that the metabolic disparity between the control and stress groups increased to week 2, but declined by weeks 3 and 4, and revealed several new molecular indicators of long-term stress.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Corey Coldwell, Laura Garrison and Ron Melanson for fish husbandry and maintenance of aquatic facilities, Joseph Hui for mass spectrometry, Dr Susan Douglas for helpful comments and Dr Kirty Solanky for initial sample collection. Funding for this project was provided by the Genomics and Health Initiative of the National Research Council of Canada.

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  1. Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 3Z1

    Tobias K. Karakach, Elizabeth C. Huenupi, Evelyn C. Soo, John A. Walter & Luis O. B. Afonso

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  1. Tobias K. Karakach
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  2. Elizabeth C. Huenupi
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  3. Evelyn C. Soo
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  4. John A. Walter
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  5. Luis O. B. Afonso
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Correspondence to Tobias K. Karakach.

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Major contributions were made by Tobias K. Karakach (NMR, data analysis and manuscript preparation), Elizabeth C. Huenupi (UPLC-MS and data analysis), and Luis O.B. Afonso (stress experiments and fish husbandry).

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Karakach, T.K., Huenupi, E.C., Soo, E.C. et al. 1H-NMR and mass spectrometric characterization of the metabolic response of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to long-term handling stress. Metabolomics 5, 123–137 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-008-0144-0

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