Abstract
Phylogeographic studies allow us to better understand the past history of species and the factors that mold their current distribution. Here, we demonstrate the potential human impact on the distribution of a tree species. In particular, it was hypothesized that Araucaria angustifolia, an endangered South American conifer, was dispersed from its Pleistocene glacial refugium to its maximum occurrence distribution (MOD), mainly by pre-Columbian human groups (ca 2000 years ago). In order to test this hypothesis, we sampled 20 A. angustifolia populations in southern Brazil. Our analysis consisted of an integrative phylogeographic approach, supported by ecological aspects of the species. Therefore, we constructed the species chloroplast haplotype network, tested for possible neutrality deviations, genetic divergence, association between genetic and geographic distances, and simulated the amount of time that the species required to reach its MOD without human help. The species showed clear signs of rapid and recent expansion from a single refugium. The haplotype network had a star-like shape. Populations and the species showed negative values for the neutrality tests and low divergence values among populations (FST = 0.041) not associated with geographic distance. The estimated dispersal time required for the species to reach its MOD from its putative refugium without human help is not consistent with the rapid and recent expansion of the species. Hence, we argue that humans played an important role in expanding the distribution of the currently endangered species, and it needs to be accounted for when analyzing landscape genetics or in the development of conservation strategies.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq), process no. FAPESC/2780/2012-4 (PRONEX), 309128/2014-5 to M.S.R. and 130894/2015-0 to R.C.R., and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for the Master’s scholarship to M.B.L. and doctoral scholarships to A.P.B., T.M., and N.C.F.C. We would like to thank Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), and Conservation and Use of Natural Resources (UCRN) and Physiology of Development and Plant Genetics Laboratory (LFDGV) research groups for logistical support, the Chico Mendes Biodiversity Institute (ICMBio), the Conservation Unities Division (DUC), and landowners that authorized and facilitated the sample collection. Additionally, we thank the anonymous reviewers for their effort in providing comments and suggestions, which substantially improved the manuscript.
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This research represents part of a Master’ thesis of M.B.L. M.S.R., A.M. and M.B.L. designed the research; M.B.L., A.P.B., R.C.R., T.M. and N.C.F.C. collected the samples and performed the laboratory procedures; M.B.L. performed the analysis and wrote the draft of the manuscript; all authors reviewed and contributed to the manuscript.
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Data archiving statement
Individual haplotype sequence data for each intergenic region have been submitted to GenBank: accession numbers MF449534-MF449833 (trnC-trnS), MF449834-MF450132 (trnD-trnT), and MF450133-MF450430 (trnS-trnfM).
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Supplementary File S1
Supporting ecological evidence (DOCX 271 kb)
Supplementary File S2
Human occupation records inside the Araucaria Forest domain in the past. (DOCX 218 kb)
Supplementary File S3
Coordinates of the 20 Araucaria angustifolia studied populations in southern Brazil. (DOCX 26 kb)
Supplementary File S4
Pairwise FST values (under diagonal) from 20 Araucaria angustifolia populations and their respective p-values (above diagonal). Negative values should be interpreted as zero. (DOCX 35 kb)
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Lauterjung, M.B., Bernardi, A.P., Montagna, T. et al. Phylogeography of Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia): integrative evidence for pre-Columbian anthropogenic dispersal. Tree Genetics & Genomes 14, 36 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-018-1250-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-018-1250-4