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Genetic relationships and ecological divergence in Salix species and populations in Taiwan

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Abstract

Linking ecology with evolutionary biology is important to understand how environments drive population and species divergence. Phenotypically diverse Salix species, such as lowland riparian willow trees and middle- to high-elevation multistemmed shrubs and alpine dwarf shrubs, provide opportunities for studying genetic divergence driven by ecological factors. We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to quantify the genetic variation of 185 individuals from nine populations of four Salix species in Taiwan. Our phylogenetic analyses distinguished two riparian species and the separation of riparian species from multistemmed and dwarf shrub species. Variance partitioning for the total data found that environment explained a substantially larger proportion of genetic variation than geography. However, no genetic variation was explained by geography alone when only compared within and between species. Spatially structured regional environmental effects explained more variation than pure environments in most comparisons within and between species, suggesting that unmeasured environmental variables and/or past demographic histories played important roles in shaping population and species divergence. Based on forward selection analysis, annual mean temperature, aspect, and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation were the most influential ecological factors in shaping genetic variation within and between species. Nevertheless, different combinations of environmental variables correlated significantly with genetic variation within and between species. We identified eight AFLP loci that potentially evolved under selection intraspecifically using different outlier detection methods. These loci correlated with more than one environmental variable, suggesting local adaptation along environmental gradients at the population level.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Ji-Chen Wu and Fu-Long Shih for assistance with collecting samples from several Salix populations. We also thank Chien-Shan Chiu for technical assistance and Dr. Pei-Chun Liao for helpful comments. We are grateful to the Ministry of Science and Technology, Executive Yuan, Taiwan for financial support to SYH (grant number NSC101-2313-B-003-001-MY3) and CLH (grant number NSC102-2313-B-178-002-MY3).

Data archiving statement

AFLP genotyping data were deposited at Dryad: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8t2g6.

Compliance with ethical standards

The authors declare that all plant materials collected comply with the law of government regulation. The funder provided support for research, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

We do not have any conflict of interest to report.

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    1. Laboratory of Molecular Phylogenetics, Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Guanchien Road, Taichung, 40453, Taiwan

      Chun-Lin Huang

    2. Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan

      Chung-Te Chang

    3. Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Tingchow Road, Section 4, Taipei, 11677, Taiwan

      Bing-Hong Huang, Jui-Hung Chen & Shih-Ying Hwang

    4. Division of Silviculture, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 53 Nanhai Road, Taipei, 10066, Taiwan

      Jeng-Der Chung

    5. Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan

      Yu-Chung Chiang

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    Chun-Lin Huang and Chung-Te Chang contributed equally to this work.

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    Huang, CL., Chang, CT., Huang, BH. et al. Genetic relationships and ecological divergence in Salix species and populations in Taiwan. Tree Genetics & Genomes 11, 39 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-015-0862-1

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