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Phylogeography of Quercus glauca (Fagaceae), a dominant tree of East Asian subtropical evergreen forests, based on three chloroplast DNA interspace sequences

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Abstract

Historical geoclimatic events have shaped the distribution patterns and intraspecific divergence of plants. Numerous phylogeographical studies in China have focused on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas due to the complex topography and high species diversity, but the impact of Neogene events and Quaternary climatic change on the flora of subtropical China remains poorly understood. Quercus glauca, a widespread tree of East Asian subtropical evergreen forests, has rich fossil records dating back to the Neogene, and it provides a good model to explore the impact of paleogeoclimate changes on East Asian subtropical forests. We used three chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) intergenic spacer regions and ecological niche modeling (ENM) to analyze the divergence pattern and demographic history of Q. glauca in China and Japan. A total of 33 haplotypes were detected. The phylogenetic analysis revealed two major haplotype lineages (Southwest China vs. Southeast China and East China Sea). The limited dispersal ability of seeds and complex topography resulted in the high total, inter- and intrapopulation haplotype diversity. The fossil-constrained BEAST analysis revealed a lineage diversification in the late Miocene-Pliocene. The formation of complex topography changes since Miocene in east Himalaya and adjacent area might be the key factor that triggered the intraspecific divergence of Q. glauca. Haplotype spatial distribution, ENM, mismatch distribution, and neutrality tests suggest that Q. glauca in Southeast China experiences expansion, and the current distribution in region III might be shaped by southward expansion from regions I and II after last glacial maximum (LGM). Regions I and II were the potential glacial refugia of Q. glauca.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Yun-Juan Zuo for the help on data analysis and the anonymous reviewers for their insightful and valuable suggestions/comments that further improved the manuscript. We are grateful to Dr. Tao Su, Ms. Jin-jin Hu (Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, CAS), Dr. Dai-Ke Tian, Dr. Yue-hong Yan, Qi Tian, Bin-jie Ge, Dr. Yan-Chun Liu, Xiang-peng Li, Yan-bo Huang, Tao Sang, Hui Shang, and Chun Li (Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, CAS) for their help in the sample collection. This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31100154, 31270267, 31110103911), the Shanghai Municipal Administration of Forestation and City Appearances (F112419), Science and Technology Basic Work (2013FY112100), and State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany (grant no. LSEB2011-02).

Author contributions

Min Deng conceived and designed the experiments; Jin Xu performed the experiments; Jin Xu and Xiao-Long Jiang analyzed the data; Min Deng and Yi-Gang Song were responsible for field collections and specimen identification; Murphy Westwood and Roy Turkington contributed analysis tools and revised the manuscript; Min Deng, Jin Xu, and Xiao-Long Jiang wrote the paper.

Data Archiving Statement

Sequence data obtained in this study has been submitted to GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/). The accession numbers were KM210592-KM210622, KM210623-KM210650, and KM210651-KM210668 for atpI-atpH, psbA-trnH, and trnT-trnL, respectively.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, 3888 Chenhua Rd., 201602, Shanghai, China

    Jin Xu, Min Deng, Xiao-Long Jiang & Yi-Gang Song

  2. The Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, IL, 60532-1293, USA

    Murphy Westwood

  3. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada

    Roy Turkington

Authors
  1. Jin Xu
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  2. Min Deng
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  3. Xiao-Long Jiang
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  4. Murphy Westwood
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  5. Yi-Gang Song
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  6. Roy Turkington
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Min Deng.

Additional information

Communicated by: A. Kremer

Jin Xu and Min Deng contributed equally to this work.

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Fig. S1

Correlation between genetic distances (F ST) and geographical distances (kilometers) separating each pairwise combination of populations within Q. glauca (P = 0.097). (GIF 56 kb)

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Fig. S2

Chronograms of haplotypes of Q. glauca, with Q. variabilis as outgroup based on a Bayesian analysis. Calibration points are marked with black solid circled. The numbers at the nodes suggested the TMRCA of the lineages. (GIF 17 kb)

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Xu, J., Deng, M., Jiang, XL. et al. Phylogeography of Quercus glauca (Fagaceae), a dominant tree of East Asian subtropical evergreen forests, based on three chloroplast DNA interspace sequences. Tree Genetics & Genomes 11, 805 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-014-0805-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-014-0805-2

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