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Evolution and divergence in the coding and promoter regions of the Populus gene family encoding xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolases

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Abstract

Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) are believed to modify the cell wall structure by cleaving a xyloglucan polymer and transferring the newly generated, potentially reducing, terminal to another xyloglucan. We report here the detailed analysis of 37 Populus trichocarpa XTH genes/proteins in their divergence in both the coding and 5′ promoter regions. Our results show that the Populus XTH genes have experienced whole-genome and local duplications and pre- and post-speciation divergence. Genome-wide and segmental duplications seem to be dominant in subfamily I and III, while tandem duplication seems to be the major mechanism for the subfamily II expansion, which also has higher average ratios of K a/K s compared to those in subfamily I and III. There was a general lack of organ-specific gene expression. In contrast, the expression patterns in subfamily II varied in response to various hormone treatments, with II-A being up-regulated and II-B down-regulated after 2 h of hormone treatment. Expression for this subfamily was verified using the 1.5-kb PtXTH22 promoter that was fused with the GUS reporter gene and transformed into Arabidopsis. The PtXTH22 promoter contains auxin response element, ethylene insensitive 3-like factors, and brassinosteroid response cis-elements. Histochemical GUS staining of transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings confirmed that the PtXTH22 promoter was up-regulated by several hormones.

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Abbreviations

XET:

Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase

XEH:

Xyloglucan hydrolase

XTH:

Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolases

BA:

6-Benzylaminopurine

IAA:

Indole-3-acetic acid

SA:

Salicylic acid

GA:

Gibberellic acid

BR:

Brassinosteroid

JA:

Jasmonic acid

ABA:

Abscisic acid

GUS:

β-Glucuronidase

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported in part by a Department of Energy-Bioenergy Center grant and by the Consortium for Plant Biotechnology Research, Inc. The BioEnergy Science Center is a US Department of Energy–Bioenergy Research Center supported by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the Department of Energy Office of Science.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China

    Xia Ye

  2. Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA

    Xia Ye, Suhua Yuan, Feng Chen & Zong-Ming Cheng

  3. Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA

    Hong Guo

  4. Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA

    Gerald A. Tuskan

  5. Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA

    Suhua Yuan

  6. Bioenergy Science Center, Oak ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA

    Feng Chen, Gerald A. Tuskan & Zong-Ming Cheng

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  1. Xia Ye
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  2. Suhua Yuan
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  3. Hong Guo
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Correspondence to Zong-Ming Cheng.

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Communicated by W. Boerjan

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ESM 1

The Ct data for each reaction of the XTH genes in Populus (DOC 1625 kb)

ESM 2

The efficiency for each pair primers of the XTH genes in Populus (DOC 41 kb)

ESM 3

The promoter sequences of paralogous genes (DOC 38 kb)

ESM 4

The gene models of the PtXTH genes (DOC 51 kb)

ESM 5

The gene structure analysis of the PtXTH genes (DOC 47 kb)

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Ye, X., Yuan, S., Guo, H. et al. Evolution and divergence in the coding and promoter regions of the Populus gene family encoding xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolases. Tree Genetics & Genomes 8, 177–194 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-011-0431-1

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