Abstract
Microorganisms showed unique mechanisms to resist and detoxify harmful metals in response to pollution. This study shows the relationship between presence of heavy metals and plant growth regulator compounds. Additionally, the responses of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa YR29 isolated from the rhizosphere of Prosopis sp. growing in a polluted mine jal in Mexico are presented. This research carries out a phenotypic characterization of R. mucilaginosa to identify response mechanisms to metals and confirm its potential as a bioremediation agent. Firstly, Plant Growth-Promoting (PGP) compounds were assayed using the Chrome Azurol S (CAS) medium and the Salkowski method. In addition, to clarify its heavy metal tolerance mechanisms, several techniques were performed, such as optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) supplemented with assorted detectors. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) was used for elementary mapping of the cell. Finally, yeast viability after all treatments was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The results have suggested that R. mucilaginosa could be a PGP yeast capable of triggering Pb2+ biosorption (representing 22.93% of the total cell surface area, the heavy metal is encapsulated between the cell wall and the microcapsule), and Pb2+ bioaccumulation (representing 11% of the total weight located in the vacuole). Based on these results, R. mucilaginosa as a bioremediation agent and its wide range of useful mechanisms for ecological purposes are highlighted.
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Acknowledgements
We thank M. en C. Héctor Francisco-Mendoza Leon (Laboratory of Ultra-High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy, CNMN-IPN), Dra. María de Jesús Perea-Flores (Laboratory of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, CNMN-IPN), and Dr. Raúl Borja Urbi (Laboratory of Atomic Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, CNMN-IPN) for their support with the SEM, TEM, CSLM and STEM micrographs. AVRT and MGMC were the tutors of GAP. GAP is a CONACyT and BEIFI fellow; AVRT, MGMC and EOLV are COFAA, EDI and SNI fellows. This work was edited by American Journal Experts.
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Part of this work was supported by the “Secretaria de Investigación y Posgrado, del Instituto Politécnico Nacional” projects SIP-IPN 20211222, 20221010, 20220564 and 20230236.
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GAP carried out the experimentation and drafted the first draft of the manuscript. GAP and EOLV processed and interpreted yeast samples for TEM. GAP, MGMC and HMG processed and interpreted yeast samples for SEM and STEM. AVRT and MGMC conceived the original idea, supervised the project, and contributed analyze, write, and edit the final manuscript, ARG write and edit the final manuscript.
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11274_2023_3675_MOESM1_ESM.tiff
Supplementary file1 FigS1 Standard curve of Indole Acetic Acid (µg/mL). The discontinuous line highlights the 95% confidence intervals. Statistical analysis was performed by linear regression, with a significant difference set at a p value of <0.05 (TIFF 3604 KB)
11274_2023_3675_MOESM2_ESM.tiff
Supplementary file2 Viability of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa grown in YNB broth supplemented with different heavy metals (CLSM). This imagen indicates colocalization of cell signals for propidium iodide (IP) and calcofluor white (CFW), corresponding to death cells (1000X) (TIFF 22509 KB)
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Angeles de Paz, G., Martínez-Gutierrez, H., Ramírez-Granillo, A. et al. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa YR29 is able to accumulate Pb2+ in vacuoles: a yeast with bioremediation potential. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 39, 238 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03675-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03675-4