Abstract
Bacterial cellulose has been found to be attractive as a novel scaffold material due to its unique material properties. Porosity is the most important morphological parameter in the design of scaffolds for tissue engineering. The effects of fermentation conditions (cultivation time and inoculation volume) and post-treatment methods (alkali treatment and drying methods) on the porosities of bacterial cellulose membranes were investigated. With extended cultivation time and increased inoculation volume, more micro-fibrils were secreted by bacteria, which resulted in a more compact structure and diminished porosity. The porosities of alkali-treated bacterial cellulose membranes was in the order of K2CO3 > Na2CO3 > KOH > NaOH. Freeze-dried membranes had much higher porosity (92%) than the hot air-dried ones (65%). The experimental results suggested that bacterial cellulose with controlled porosities could be prepared by varying fermentation conditions and post-treatment methods. The resulting bacterial cellulose is regarded as a scaffold material of great potentialities.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bäckdahl H, Helenius G, Bodin A, Nannmark U, Johansson BR, Risberg B et al (2006) Mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose and interactions with smooth muscle cells. Biomaterials 27(9):2141–2149
Bodin A, Bäckdahl H, Fink H, Gustafsson L, Risberg B, Gatenholm P (2007) Influence of cultivation conditions on mechanical and morphological properties of bacterial cellulose tubes. Biotechnol Bioeng 97(2):425–434
Charpentier PA, Maguire A, Wan W-k (2006) Surface modification of polyester to produce a bacterial cellulose-based vascular prosthetic device. App Surf Sci 252(18):6360–6367
Farah LF (1990) Process of the preparation of cellulose film, cellulose film produced thereby, artificial skin graft and its use. United States Patent No. 4,912,049
George J, Ramana KV, Sabapathy SN, Jagannath JH, Bawa AS (2005) Characterization of chemically treated bacterial (Acetobacter xylinum) biopolymer: Some thermo-mechanical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 37:189–194
Ghose TK (1987) Measurement of cellulase activities. Pure Appl Chem 59(2):257–268
Helenius G, Backdahl H, Bodin A, Nannmark U, Gatenholm P, Risberg B (2006) In vivo biocompatibility of bacterial cellulose. J Biomed Mater Res A 76(2):431–438
Hesse S, Kondo T (2005) Behavior of cellulose production of Acetobacter xylinum in 13C-enriched cultivation media including movements on nematic ordered cellulose templates. Carbohyd Polym 60:457–465
Hirai A, Tsuji M, Yamamoto H, Horii F (1998) In situ crystallization of bacterial cellulose III. Influences of different polymeric additives on the formation of microfibrils as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Cellulose 5(3):201–213
Hong L, YL W, Jia SR, Huang Y, Gao C, Wan YZ (2006) Hydroxyapatite/bacterial cellulose composites synthesized via a biomimetic route. Mater Lett 60(13–14):1710–1713
Hwang JW, Yang YK, Hwang JK, Pyun YR, Kim YS (1999) Effects of pH and dissolved oxygen on cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum BRC5 in agitated culture. J Biosci Bioeng 88(2):183–188
Jonas R, Farah LF (1998) Production and application of microbial cellulose. Polym Degrad Stab 59:101–106
Karathanos VT, Kanellopoulos NK, Belessiotis VG (1996) Development of porous structure during air drying of agricultural plant products. J Food Eng 29:167–183
Kitaoka K, Yamamoto H, Tani T, Hoshijima K, Nakauchi M (1997) Mechanical strength and bone bonding of a titanium fiber mesh block for intervertebral fusion. J Orthop Sci 2:106–113
Klemm D, Schumann D, Udhardt U, Marsch S (2001) Bacterial synthesized cellulose-artificial blood vessels for microsurgery. Prog Polym Sci 26:1561–1603
Li MG, Tian XY, Chen XB (2009) Modeling of flow rate, pore size, and porosity for the dispensing-based tissue scaffolds fabrication. J Manuf Sci Eng 131(3):034501–034505
Mancini CE, Berndt CC, Sun L, Kucuk A (2001) Porosity determinations in thermally sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings. J Mater Sci 36(16):3891–3896
Marabi A, Saguy IS (2004) Effect of porosity on rehydration of dry food particulates. J Sci Food Agric 84(10):1105–1110
Nakai T, Tonouchi N, Konishi T, Kojima Y, Tsuchida T, Yoshinaga F et al (1999) Enhancement of cellulose production by expression of sucrose synthase in Acetobacter xylinum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(1):14–18
Putra A, Kakugo A, Furukawa H, Gong JP, Osada Y (2008) Tubular bacterial cellulose gel with oriented fibrils on the curved surface. Polymer 49:1885–1991
Svensson A, Nicklasson E, Harrah T, Panilaitis B, Kaplan DL (2005) Bacterial cellulose as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering of cartilage. Biomaterials 26:419–431
Watanabe K, Yamanaka S (1995) Effects of oxygen tension in the gaseous phase on production and physical properties of bacterial cellulose formed under static culture conditions. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 59(1):65–68
Yang YK, Park SH, Hwang JW, Pyun YR, Kim YS (1998) Cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum BRC5 under agitated condition. J Fermen Bioeng 85(3):312–317
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (973. Program) under No. 2007CB714305. It is also supported by Tianjin University of Science and Technology under Contract No. 20070443.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tang, W., Jia, S., Jia, Y. et al. The influence of fermentation conditions and post-treatment methods on porosity of bacterial cellulose membrane. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 26, 125–131 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-009-0151-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-009-0151-y