Abstract
Among 67 endophytic fungi isolated from Quercus variabilis, 53.7% of endophytic fungal fermentation broths displayed growth inhibition on at least one test microorganism, such as pathogenic fungi (Trichophyton rubrum, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis) and bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens). Moreover, 19.4% of strains showed a broader antimicrobial spectrum, such as Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Alternaria sp., 20.9% of strains showed strong inhibition (+++) to pathogenic bacteria, while only 7.5% displayed that to test fungi. The most active antifungal strain I(R)9-2, Cladosporium sp. was selected and fermented. From the broth, a secondary metabolite, brefeldin A was obtained. This is the first report on the antimicrobial potentials of endophytic fungi residing in Q. variabilis and isolation of brefeldin A produced by Cladosporium sp.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arnold AE, Maynard Z, Gilbert GS (2001) Fungal endophytes in dicotyledonous neotropical trees: patterns of abundance and diversity. Mycol Res 105:1502–1507
Barchiesi F, Arzeni D, Fothergill AW, Di Francesco LF, Caselli F, Rinaldi MG, Scalise G (2000) In vitro activities of the new antifungal triazole SCH 56592 against common and emerging yeast pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemoth 44:226–229
Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M (1966) Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized Single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol 45:493–496
Bills GF (1996) Isolation and analysis of endophytic fungal communities from woody plants. In: Redlin SC, Carris LM (eds), Endophytic fungi in grasses and woody plants. Systematics, ecology and evolution. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA, pp 31–65 ISBN: 0-89054-213-9
Carroll GC (1988) Fungal endophytes in stems and leaves: from latent pathogen to mutualistic symbiont. Ecology 69:2–9
Faeth SH, Hammon KE (1997) Fungal endophytes in oak trees: experimental analyses of interactions with leafminers. Ecol Soc Am 78:820–827
Fisher PJ, Anson AE, Petrini O (1984) Antibiotic activity of some endophytic fungi from ericaceous plants. Bot Helv 94:249–253
Harri E, LoeMer W, Singh HP, Stahlin H, Tamm C (1963) Die Constitution von Brefeldin A. Helv Chem Acta 46:1235–1243
Hawksworth DL (1988) The variety of fungal-algal symbioses, their evolutionary significance, and the nature of lichens. Bot J Linn Soc 96:3–20
Liu CH, Meng JC, Zou WX, Huang LL, Tang HQ, Tan RX (2002) Antifungal metabolite with a new carbon skeleton from Keisslerriella sp. YS4108, a marine filamentous fungus. Planta Med 68:363–365
Liu CH, Zou WX, Lu H, Tan RX (2001) Antifungal activity of Artemisia annua endophyte cultures against phytopathogenic fungi. J Biotechnol 88:277–282
Liu JY, Song YC, Zhang Z, Wang L, Guo ZJ, Tan RX (2004) Aspergillus fumigatus, CY018, an endophytic fungus in Cynodon dactylon as a versatile producer of new and bioactive metabolites. J Biotechnol 114:279–287
Maurizio V, Antonio E, Anna A, Maria CZ, Federico G, Andrea M (1998) Brefeldin A and α, β-dehydrocurvularin, two phytotoxins from Alternaria zinniae, a biocontrol agent of Xanthium occidentale. Plant Sci 138:67–79
McGee PA, Hincksman MA, White CS (1991) Inhibition of growth of fungi isolated from plants by Acremonium strictum. Aust J Agric Res 42:1187–1194
Schulz B, Sucker J, Aust HJ, Krohn K, Ludewig K, Jones PG, Doring D (1995) Biologically active secondary metabolites of endophytic Pezicula species. Mycol Res 99:1007–1015
Strobel GA, Long DM (1998) Endophytic microbes embody pharmaceutical potential. ASM News 64:263–268
Tan RX, Zou WX (2001) Endophytes: a Rich source of functional metabolites, The Royal Society of Chemistry. Nat Prod Rep 18:448–459
Wang JF, Huang YJ, Fang MJ, Zhang YJ, Zheng ZH, Zhao YF, Su WJ (2002) Brefeldin A, a cytotoxin produced by Paecilomyces sp and Aspergillus clavatus isolated from Taxus mairei and Torreya grandis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 34:51–57
Weber, Roland WS, Stenger E, Meffert A, Hahn M (2004) Brefeldin A production by Phoma medicaginis in dead pre-colonized plant tissue: a strategy for habitat conquest? Mycol Res 108:662–671
Zhang WH, Duan BL, Zhou JY, Liu XJ (2004) Water relations and activity of cell defense enzymes to water stress in seedling leaves of different provenances of Quercus variabilis. Zhiwu Shengtai Xuebao 28:483–490
Zhou LH, Sun QS, Qiao LC, Liu J (2000) Preliminary Studies on the Chemical Constituents in the Active Section of the Leaves of Quercus variabilis Blume. J Shenyang Pharm Univ 17:179–181
Zhou LH, Sun QS, Wang Y (2003) Two new cycloartane triterpenes from the leaves of Quercus variabilis Blume. Chinese Chem Lett 14:1265–1267
Acknowledgements
The work was co-supported by the Ministry of Education (Key Project No: 104195), by NSFC (30300007) and by JSNSF (BK2003410).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, F.W., Jiao, R.H., Cheng, A.B. et al. Antimicrobial potentials of endophytic fungi residing in Quercus variabilis and brefeldin A obtained from Cladosporium sp.. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 23, 79–83 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-006-9195-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-006-9195-4