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Shorea balangeran and Dyera polyphylla (syn. Dyera lowii) as tropical peat swamp forest restoration transplant species: effects of mycorrhizae and level of disturbance

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Abstract

Tropical peat swamp forests (TPSF) are being rapidly deforested, leading to disturbed hydrology, wildfires and carbon loss. Cost-effective methods are needed to increase the scale of restoration activities. One method is to inoculate seedlings with their corresponding mycorrhizae species, thereby increasing performance during nursery cultivation, although the benefits post-transplantation are less well understood. This study considered two TPSF tree species, Shorea balangeran and Dyera polyphylla (syn. Dyera lowii), and their mycorrhiza; Scleroderma columnare (S. balangeran) and Glomus clarum and Gigaspora decipiens (D. polyphylla). The performance of non-inoculated and inoculated seedlings was compared following transplantation into five forest zones, representing a gradient from intact to degraded TPSF. In the degraded area, both inoculated seedling species supported higher colonization levels compared to non-inoculated seedlings. Both tree species showed high survival rates in all forest zones, and survival, growth and biomass production were not affected by mycorrhizal treatment. Both species grew faster and accumulated greater biomass in the more degraded forest zones. Nitrogen and phosphorus content reduced for both tree species in the more degraded forest zones, however, inoculated D. polyphylla seedlings had higher nutrient content across all forest zones, as did S. balangeran though less uniformly. Both these tree species are therefore suitable for reforesting degraded TPSF and mycorrhizal inoculation is recommended given a) inoculated seedlings in the degraded area permitted a higher mycorrhizal colonization level, and b) mycorrhizae increased nutrient uptake in the transplanted seedlings, although in this short-term study survival or growth improvement in the inoculated seedlings was not apparent.

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Notes

  1. It should be noted, the term ‘Natural Forest’ as used here is not entirely accurate: This forest has been used by the local community for small-scale forest-product harvesting (including timber) since approx. the 1920s, then selective logging by timber companies from 1971–1995, and illegally logging from 1995–2004. The timber extraction was carried out on railways, skids and small canals, which have affected the local hydrology (unpublished data). That being said, this forest is about as close to natural forest as one is likely to find in the region, evidenced by healthy regenerating forest (Page et al. 1999) and a large orangutan population (Morrough-Bernard et al. 2003).

  2. This is the author's (Laura Graham’s) estimate based on work with the KFCP program and does not necessarily represent the views of KFCP.

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Acknowledgments

This research was funded by the Rufford Small Grant Foundation and the Wildlife Conservation Society Research Fellowship Program. The study was greatly supported through the administration of CIMTROP (Centre for the International cooperation in the Management of Tropical Peatlands), especially Dr. Suwido Limin and Yunsiska. Field work was only possible with numerous assistants, in particular Salahuddin, Eben Eser and Andri Thomas. The preparation of this final text was greatly enhanced by the constructive comments provided by two anonymous reviewers, and the journal’s editors.

Funding

This research was funded by the Rufford Small Grant Foundation and the Wildlife Conservation Society Research Fellowship Program.

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Author notes

  1. Laura L. B. Graham

    Present address: Kantor BOS-Mawas, Jl. Nuri No. 9, Palangka Raya, 73112, Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK

    Laura L. B. Graham & Susan E. Page

  2. Centre for Conservation and Rehabilitation, Forestry Research and Development Agency (FORDA), Ministry of Forestry, Jalan Gunung Batu No. 5, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia

    Maman Turjaman

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  1. Laura L. B. Graham
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Correspondence to Laura L. B. Graham.

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Graham, L.L.B., Turjaman, M. & Page, S.E. Shorea balangeran and Dyera polyphylla (syn. Dyera lowii) as tropical peat swamp forest restoration transplant species: effects of mycorrhizae and level of disturbance. Wetlands Ecol Manage 21, 307–321 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-013-9302-x

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