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Effect of Seasonal Variation on Pollution Load of Water of Hokersar Wetland: a Case Study of Queen Wetland of Kashmir, J&K, India

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Abstract

Hokersar wetland is vital for the endurance of migratory birds, but the topography of wetland has been severely altered during the last four decades. This wetland area has reduced from 1875.04 ha in 1969 to 1300 ha in 2008 due to several reasons, viz, encroachments and pollution. Keeping these facts in view, the present study was carried out to determine the impact of anthropogenic activities on the water quality of the wetland. Standard methods were used for analyzing various physico-chemical characteristics of water of a wetland. Among all the four sites, inlet sampling site was having the highest mean value of turbidity (2.06 NTU), water temperature (23.55 °C), electrical conductivity (0.233 dS/m), nitrate-nitrogen (0.046 mg/L), nitrite nitrogen (0.681 mg/L), ammoniacal nitrogen (0.210 mg/L), calcium (48.60 mg/L), phosphate (0.071 mg/L), and potassium (0.456 mg/L). The highest mean value (11.34 mg/L) of magnesium was recorded at the outlet, also having maximum pH (7.10). The lowest mean values of all physico-chemical characteristics of water were observed at the outlet site except for pH and Mg. The highest mean value was found for water temperature (27.25 °C), EC (0.228 dS/m, nitrate-nitrogen (0.485 mg/L), nitrite-nitrogen (0.035 mg/L), ammoniacal nitrogen (0.196 mg/L), Ca (58.08 mg/L), phosphate (0.047 mg/L), and K (0.480 mg/L) during summer season. A decreasing trend of trace metal concentration at different site in all seasons was observed in the following order: inlet (polluted) > center > Trapa abundance site > outlet. Similarly, COD and BOD values ranged from 69.69 to 115.89 mg/L and 56.08 to 95.05 mg/L in three different seasons, respectively. The wetland’s BOD level (95.05 mg/L) is too high, indicating high pollution level. The results of the present study have indicated that the pollutants and trace elements find their entry into the aquatic ecosystem and are a matter of great concern.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in the form of laboratory facility by Division of Environmental Sciences and Soil Sciences SKUAST-Kashmir, India 190025.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Environmental Sciences, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India

    Haleema Bano, Rauoof Ahmad Rather, Shaista Malik & Ikhlaq Ahmad Mir

  2. Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India

    Mohd Ashraf Bhat

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 706, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia

    Afzal Husain Khan

  4. Department of Forest Science, Soils and Environment, School of Agronomic Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ave. Universitária, 3780, Botucatu, SP, 18610-034, Brazil

    Juliana Heloisa Pinê Américo-Pinheiro

  5. Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Brazil University, Street Carolina Fonseca, 584, 08230-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Juliana Heloisa Pinê Américo-Pinheiro

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  1. Haleema Bano
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Contributions

Haleema Bano: conceptualization, methodology, and overall structure of the manuscript. Shaista Malik: content organization, writing—original draft, and preparation. Rauoof Ahmad Rather: updating with the recent literature and writing—reviewing. Rauoof Ahmad Rather: writing—review and editing, diagrams, figures, visualization, and final manuscript drafting. Ikhlaq Ahmad Mir: LULC maps. Juliana Heloisa Pinê Américo-Pinheiro: data curation, writing—original draft preparation. Mohd Ashraf Bhat: supervision guidance and visualization. Afzal Husain Khan: writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to Rauoof Ahmad Rather.

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Bano, H., Rather, R.A., Malik, S. et al. Effect of Seasonal Variation on Pollution Load of Water of Hokersar Wetland: a Case Study of Queen Wetland of Kashmir, J&K, India. Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 518 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05988-w

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