Abstract
The sol–gel method successfully prepared homogeneous-structured TiO2/activated carbon (TiO2/AC). This study highlights the effect of post-annealing temperature on the properties and photocatalytic activity of composite TiO2/AC to remove methyl orange (MO). The prepared photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurement (BET), and thermogravimetric (TGA). The results confirmed that all prepared photocatalysts were TiO2 anatase. The removal of MO was obtained through a synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis. TiO2/AC-400 was the optimum photocatalyst to decompose MO up to 80% after 90 min under simulated UV irradiation. The remaining 1% AC after the annealing process at 500 °C had proved to be capable of decomposing MO mainly due to its serving as an electron trap. The potential photocatalyst formation and photocatalysis mechanism for TiO2/AC nanocomposite to support phenomena were proposed. The finding in this study provided important implications for further research on the preparation of composite TiO2 and carbon-based co-catalyst to enhance the adsorption–photocatalytic activity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].
References
Andriantsiferana, C., Mohamed, E. F., & Delmas, H. (2015). Sequential adsorption - Photocatalytic oxidation process for wastewater treatment using a composite material TiO2/activated carbon. Environmental Engineering Research, 20(2), 181–189. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2014.070
Anthonysamy, S. B. I., Afandi, S. B., Khavarian, M., & Mohamed, AR Bin. (2018). A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 9(1), 740–761. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.68
Arutanti, O., Nandiyanto, A. B. D., Ogi, T., Iskandar, F., Kim, T. O., & Okuyama, K. (2014a). Synthesis of composite WO3/TiO2 nanoparticles by flame-assisted spray pyrolysis and their photocatalytic activity. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.12.218
Arutanti, O., Nandiyanto, A. B. D., Ogi, T., Kim, T. O., & Okuyama, K. (2015). Influences of porous structurization and pt addition on the improvement of photocatalytic performance of WO3 particles. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. https://doi.org/10.1021/am507935j
Arutanti, O., Ogi, T., Nandiyanto, A. B. D., Iskandar, F., & Okuyama, K. (2014b). Controllable crystallite and particle sizes of WO3 particles prepared by a spray-pyrolysis method and their photocatalytic activity. AIChE Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.14233
Arutanti, O., Sari, A. A., Berkah, A., Nurdin, M., Fitriady, M. A., Parmawati, Y., Rinaldi, N., Yuniarto, A., & Hadibarata, T. (2020). Advanced Degradation of Lignin from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) by a Combination of Photocatalytic-Fenton Treatment and TiO2 Nanoparticle as the Catalyst. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 231(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04617-8
Benkhaya, S., M’ rabet, S., & El Harfi, A. (2020). A review on classifications, recent synthesis and applications of textile dyes. In Inorganic Chemistry Communications (Vol. 115). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2020.107891
Chowdhury, M., Kapinga, S., Cummings, F., & Fester, V. (2019). Co3O4/TiO2 hetero-structure for methyl orange dye degradation. Water Science and Technology, 79(5). https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.383
Daghrir, R., Drogui, P., & Robert, D. (2013). Modified TiO2 for environmental photocatalytic applications: A review. In Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research (Vol. 52, Issue 10, pp. 3581–3599). https://doi.org/10.1021/ie303468t
Esposito, S. (2019). “Traditional” sol-gel chemistry as a powerful tool for the preparation of supported metal and metal oxide catalysts. In Materials (Vol. 12, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12040668
Hahn, H. H., Logas, J. L., & Averback, R. S. (1990). Sintering characteristics of nanocrystalline tio2. Journal of Materials Research, 5(3), 609–614. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1990.0609
Ho, S. J., Yeh, C. W., Kumar, R. V., & Chen, H. S. (2017). Self-organized sol-gel TiO2 structures: Particles, rectangle tubes, and flower-like slabs. Materials and Design, 115, 332–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.11.033
Horikoshi, S., Sakamoto, S., & Serpone, N. (2013). Formation and efficacy of TiO2/AC composites prepared under microwave irradiation in the photoinduced transformation of the 2-propanol VOC pollutant in air. Applied Catalysis b: Environmental, 140–141, 646–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.04.060
Kartikowati, C. W., Wulansari, A. L., Poerwadi, B., Supriyono, Arif, A. F., Sulistyaningsih, T., & Arutanti, O. (2021). TiO2 /AC Composites for Adsorption-Photocatalytic of Methyl Orange . IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1143(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1143/1/012077
Kibasomba, P. M., Dhlamini, S., Maaza, M., Liu, C. P., Rashad, M. M., Rayan, D. A., & Mwakikunga, B. W. (2018). Strain and grain size of TiO2 nanoparticles from TEM, Raman spectroscopy and XRD: The revisiting of the Williamson-Hall plot method. Results in Physics, 9, 628–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2018.03.008
Krýsa, J., Baudys, M., Vislocka, X., & Neumann-Spallart, M. (2020). Composite photocatalysts based on TiO2 – carbon for air pollutant removal: Aspects of adsorption. Catalysis Today. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2018.09.027
Lee, J. Y., & Jo, W. K. (2012). Control of methyl tertiary-butyl ether via carbon-doped photocatalysts under visible-light irradiation. Environmental Engineering Research, 17(4), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2012.17.4.179
Lellis, B., Fávaro-Polonio, C. Z., Pamphile, J. A., & Polonio, J. C. (2019). Effects of textile dyes on health and the environment and bioremediation potential of living organisms. Biotechnology Research and Innovation, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biori.2019.09.001
Lim, T. T., Yap, P. S., Srinivasan, M., & Fane, A. G. (2011). TiO2/AC composites for synergistic adsorption-photocatalysis processes: Present challenges and further developments for water treatment and reclamation. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 41(13), 1173–1230. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380903488664
Lu, L., Shan, R., Shi, Y., Wang, S., & Yuan, H. (2019). A novel TiO2/biochar composite catalysts for photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.132
Ouzzine, M., Romero-Anaya, A. J., Lillo-Ródenas, M. A., & Linares-Solano, A. (2014). Spherical activated carbon as an enhanced support for TiO2/AC photocatalysts. Carbon, 67, 104–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.09.069
Parashar, M., Shukla, V. K., & Singh, R. (2020). Metal oxides nanoparticles via sol–gel method: a review on synthesis, characterization and applications. In Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics (Vol. 31, Issue 5, pp. 3729–3749). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-02994-8
Peñas-Garzón, M., Gómez-Avilés, A., Bedia, J., Rodriguez, J. J., & Belver, C. (2019). Effect of activating agent on the properties of TiO2 /activated carbon heterostructures for solar photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen. Materials. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030378
Qi, K., Cheng, B., Yu, J., & Ho, W. (2017). A review on TiO2-based Z-scheme photocatalysts. In Cuihua Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Catalysis (Vol. 38, Issue 12, pp. 1936–1955). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62962-0
Soleymani Naeini, M., Ghorbani, M., & Chambari, E. (2019). Synthesis of Composite Coating Containing TiO2 and HA Nanoparticles on Titanium Substrate by AC Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions a: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 50(7), 3310–3319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05251-8
Subramani, A. K., Byrappa, K., Kumaraswamy, G. N., Ravikumar, H. B., Ranganathaiah, C., Lokanatha Rai, K. M., Ananda, S., & Yoshimura, M. (2007). Hydrothermal preparation and characterization of TiO2:AC composites. Materials Letters, 61(26), 4828–4831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2007.03.050
Syed, N., Huang, J., Feng, Y., Wang, X., & Cao, L. (2019). Carbon-Based Nanomaterials via Heterojunction Serving as Photocatalyst. In Frontiers in Chemistry (Vol. 7). https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00713
Yin, Y., Ruan, D., & Hou, F. (2017). Synthesis of heterostructure Cu2O/TiO2 nanotube arrays by AC electrochemical deposition. Ferroelectrics, 521(1), 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2017.1390968
Zhang, X., & Lei, L. (2008). Effect of preparation methods on the structure and catalytic performance of TiO2/AC photocatalysts. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153(1–2), 827–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.052
Acknowledgements
This characterization process was financially supported by ELSA BRIN—National Research and Innovation Agency.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Arutanti, O., Sari, A.L., Kartikowati, C.W. et al. Design and Application of Homogeneous-structured TiO2/Activated Carbon Nanocomposite for Adsorption–Photocatalytic Degradation of MO. Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 118 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05600-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05600-1