Abstract
Fog is formed frequently in mountain areas and is apt to cause forest decline, because fog has highly concentrated air pollutants and is readily acidified. The elucidation of the fog characteristics in the areas has been limited because successive observation is difficult in mountains. We have observed wet depositions and meteorological conditions at Mt. Oyama, located about 56 km west–southwest of Tokyo. The mountain meteorology was observed with various devices and the fog frequencies dependent on the altitude were roughly estimated from the meteorology of the base of the mountain. The precipitation amount of the throughfall at the mountain is much larger than that of rainfall, and the large deposition on the canopy is caused by not only fog but also drizzle. Fog and drizzle sample was collected by string-type passive fog collector, PFC, and the meteorological data relating to the collecting rate of PFC sample were observed. PFC samples were affected by rainwater under windy condition and the contribution of the rain to the PFC sample volume was evaluated to be about 30% in average. The sampling rate of PFC was related to the precipitation intensity of throughfall, and it became possible to estimate the air pollutants deposition on the canopy via wet deposition by the analysis of the samples of PFC as well as rain. The fog and drizzle may cause several times larger deposition of air pollutants on the canopies than the deposition via rain at high mountain forest.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acker, K., Möller, D., Wieprecht, W., Kalaß, D., & Auel, R. (1998). Investigation of ground-based clouds at the Mt Brocken. Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 361, 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002160050834.
Acker, K., Mertes, S., Möller, D., Wieprecht, W., Auel, R., & Kalaß, D. (2002). Case study of cloud physical and chemical processes in low clouds at Mt Brocken. Atmospheric Resarch, 64, 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(02)00078-9.
Balestrini, R., & Tagliaferri, A. (2001). Atmospheric deposition and canopy exchange processes in alpine forest ecosystems (northern Italy). Atmospheric Environment, 35, 6421–6433. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00350-8.
Bell, M. L., Davis, D. L., & Fletcher, T. (2004). A retrospective assessment of mortality from the London smog episode of 1952: The role of influenza and pollution. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112, 6–8. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6539.
Dawson, T. E. (1998). Fog in the California Redwood Forest: Ecosystem inputs and use by plants. Oecologia, 117, 476–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050683.
Fenn, M. E., Haeuber, R., Tonnesen, G. S., Baron, J. S., Grossman-Clarke, S., Hope, D., Jaffe, D. A., Copeland, S., Geiser, L., Rueth, H. M., & Sickman, J. O. (2003). Nitrogen emissions, deposition, and monitoring in the Western United States. BioScience, 53, 391–403. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0391:NEDAMI]2.0.CO;2.
Fuzzi, S., Orsi, G., Bonforte, G., Zardini, B., & Franchini, P. L. (1997). An automated fog water collector suitable for deposition networks: Design, operation, and field tests. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 93, 383–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02404768.
Grunow, J. (1952). Nebelniederschlag. Bedeutung und Erfassung einer Zusatzkomponente des Niederschlags. Berichte des Deutschen Wetterdienst in der US-Zone, 7. 42, 30–34.
Gunn, R., & Kinzer, G. D. (1949). The terminal velocity of fall for water droplets in stagnant air. Journal of Meteorology, 6, 243–248. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1949)006%3c0243:TTVOFF%3e2.0.CO;2.
Gultepe, I. R., Tardif, S. C., Michaelides, J., Bott, C. A., & Bendix, J. (2007). Fog research: A review of past achievements and future perspectives. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164, 1121–1159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-007-0211-x.
Hososhima, M., & Kaneyasu, N. (2015). Altitude-dependent distribution of ambient gamma dose rates in a mountainous area of Japan caused by the fukushima nuclear accident. Environmental Science & Technology, 49, 3341–3348. https://doi.org/10.1021/es504838w.
Igawa, M. (1999). Effects of acid deposition on ecosystem forest decline at Mt. Oyama in Tanzawa mountain and acid fog. Environmental Science, 12, 233–240 (in Japanese). https://doi.org/10.11353/sesj1988.12.233.
Igawa, M., Hoka, E., Hosono, T., Iwase, K., & Nagashima, T. (1991). Analysis and scavenging effect of acid fog. Jounal of Chemical Society of Japan, 698–704 (in Japanese). https://doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1991.698.
Igawa, M., Tsutsumi, Y., Mori, T., & Okochi, H. (1998). Fogwater chemistry at a mountainside forest and the estimation of the air pollutant deposition via fog droplets based on the atmospheric quality at the mountain base. Environmental Science & Technology, 32, 1566–1572. https://doi.org/10.1021/es970213x.
Igawa, M., Okumura, K., Okochi, H., & Sakurai, N. (2002a). Acid fog removes calcium and boron from fir tree: One of the possible causes of forest decline. Journal of Forest Research, 7, 213–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02763134.
Igawa, M., Matsumura, K., & Okochi, H. (2002b). High frequency and large deposition of acid fog on high elevation forest. Environmental Science & Technology, 36, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0105358.
Igawa, M., Kojima, K., Yoshimoto, O., & Nanzai, B. (2015). Air pollutant deposition at declining forest sites of the Tanzawa Mountains, Japan. Atmospheric Resarch, 151, 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.03.17.
Igawa, M., Kamijo, K., Nanzai, B., & Matsumoto, K. (2017). Chemical composition of polluted mist droplets. Atmospheric Environment, 171, 230–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.10.029.
Jacob, D. J., & Hoffmann, M. R. (1983). A dynamic model for the production of H+, NO3-, and SO42- in urban fog. Journal of Geophysical Research, 88, 6611–6621. https://doi.org/10.1029/JC088iC11p06611.
Jacob, D. J., Waldman, J. M., Haghi, M., Hoffmann, M. R., & Flagan, R. C. (1985). Instrument to collect fogwater for chemical analysis. Review of Scientific Instruments, 56, 1291–1293. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1137995.
Jagels, R., Carlise, J., Cunningham, R., Serreze, S., & Tsai, P. (1989). Impact of acid fog and ozone on coastal red spruce. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 48, 193–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00282378.
Japan Meteorological Agency, https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/upper/index.php (accessed 18 February 2021).
Klemm, O., Schemenauer, R. S., Lummerich, A., Cereceda, P., Marzol, V., Corell, D., Heerden, J., Reinhard, D., Gherezghiher, T., Olivier, J., Osses, P., Sarsour, J., Frost, E., Estrela, M. J., Valiente, J. A., & Fessehaye, G. M. (2012). Fog as a fresh-water resource: Overview and perspectives. Ambio, 41, 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0247-8.
Lange, C. A., Matschullat, J., Zimmermann, F., Sterzik, G., & Wienhaus, O. (2003). Fog frequency and chemical composition of fog water—a relevant contribution to atmospheric deposition in the eastern Erzgebirge, Germany. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 3731–3739. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00350-9.
Liu, D.Y., Pu, M.J., & Yang, J. (2009). Microphysical structure and evolution of four-day persistent fogs around Nanjing in December 2006. Journal of Meteorological Research, 1, 147–157 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2009.015.
Lovett, G. M., Reiners, W. A., & Olson, R. K. (1982). Cloud droplet deposition in subalpine balsam fir forests: Hydrological and chemical inputs. Science, 218, 1303–1304. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.218.4579.1303.
Lovett, G. M., & Lindberg, S. E. (1984). Dry deposition and canopy exchange in a mixed oak forest as determined by analysis of throughfall. Journal of Applied Ecology, 21, 1013–1027. https://doi.org/10.2307/2405064.
Matsumoto, K., Tominaga, S., & Igawa, M. (2011). Measurement of atmospheric aerosol with diameters greater than 10 μm and their contribution to fixed nitrogen deposition in coastal urban environment. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 6433–6438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.061.
Miller, E. K., Panek, J. A., Friedland, A. J., Kadlecek, J., & Mohnen, V. A. (1993). Atmospheric deposition to a high-elevation forest at Whiteface Mountain, New York, USA. Tellus, 45B, 209–227. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v45i3.15725.
Okochi, H. & Katata, G. (2010). Atmospheric deposition – 3 Cloud water and fog deposition. Journal of Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment, 45, 1–12 (in Japanese). https://doi.org/10.11298/taiki.45.A1.
Olson, R. K., Reiners, W. A., Cronan, C. S., & Lang, G. E. (1981). The chemistry and flux of throughfall and stemflow in subalpine balsam fir forests. Holarctic Ecology, 4, 291–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1981.tb01010.x.
Ritter, A., Regalado, C. M., & Guerra, J. C. (2015). Quantification of fog water collection in three locations of Tenerife (Canary Islands). Water, 7, 3306–3319. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7073306.
Seinfeld, J. H. (1986). Atmospheric chemistry and physics of air pollution (p. 214). John Wiley & Sons.
Seinfeld, J. H., & Pandis, S. N. (2006). Atmospheric chemistry and physics of air pollution (p. 964). John Wiley & Sons.
Schemenauer, R. S., & Cereceda, P. (1994). A proposed standard fog collector for use in high-elevation regions. Journal of the Applied Meteorology, 33, 1313–1322. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1994)033%3c1313:APSFCF%3e2.0.CO;2.
Shigihara, A., Matsumura, Y., Kashiwagi, M., Matsumoto, K., & Igawa, M. (2009). Effects of acidic fog and ozone on the growth and physiological functions of Fagus crenata saplings. Journal of Forest Research, 14, 394–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-009-0144-6.
Skarzyńska, K., Polkowska, Ż, & Namieśnik, J. (2006). Sampling of atmospheric precipitation and deposits for analysis of atmospheric pollution. Journal of Automated Methods and Management in Chemistry, 2006, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1155/JAMMC/2006.26908.
Steiner, M., & Waldvogel, A. (1987). Peaks in raindrop size distributions. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 44, 3127–3133. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0468(1987)044%3c3127:PIRSD%3e2.0.CO;2.
Sullivan, T. J., Driscoll, C. T., Beier, C. M., Burtraw, D., Fernandez, I. J., Galloway, J. N., Gay, D. A., Goodale, C. L., Likens, G. E., Lovett, G. M., & Watmough, S. A. (2018). Air pollution success stories in the United States: The value of long-term observations. Environmental Science & Policy, 84, 69–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/k.envsci.2018.02.016.
Suzuki, K. (1992). Fluctuation of Abies firma dead standing trees and change of annual ring width at Mt. Oyama and around areas in Kanagawa Pref. Bulletin of the Kanagawa Prefecture Forest Experiment Station, 19, 23–42. (in Japanese).
Tav, J., Masson, O., Burnet, F., Paulat, P., Bourrianne, T., Conil, S., & Pourcelot, L. (2018). Determination of fog-droplet deposition velocity from simple weighing method. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 18, 103–118. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr/2016.11.0519.
Vermeulen, A. T., Wyers, G. P., Römer, F. G., van Leeuwen, N. F. M., Draaijers, G. P. J., & Erisman, J. W. (1997). Fog deposition on a coniferous forest in the Netherlands. Atmospheric Environment, 31, 375–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00056-8.
Vong, R. J., Sigmon, J. T., & Mueller, S. F. (1991). Cloud water deposition to Appalachian forest. Environmental Science & Technology, 25, 1014–1021. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00018a002.
Wakamatsu, S., Morikawa, T., & Ito, A. (2013). Air pollution trends in Japan between 1970 and 2012 and impact of urban air pollution countermeasures. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment, 7, 177–190. https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2013.7.4.177.
Waldman, J. M., Munger, J. W., Jacob, D. J., Flagan, R. C., Morgan, J. J., & Hoffmann, M. R. (1982). Chemical composition of acid fog. Science, 218, 677–680. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.218.4573.677.
Watanabe, K., Honoki, H., Iwai, A., Tomatsu, A., Noritake, K., Miyashita, N., Yamada, K., Yamada, H., Kawamura, H., & Aoki, K. (2010). Chemical characteristics of fog water at Mt. Tateyama, near the coast of the Japan Sea in central Japan. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 211, 379–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0307-2.
Watanabe, K., Honoki, H., Iwama, S., Iwatake, K., Mori, S., Nishimoto, D., Komori, S., Saito, Y., Yamada, H., & Uehara, Y. (2011). Chemical composition of fog water at Mt. Tateyama near the coast of the Japan Sea in Central Japan. Erdkunde, 65, 233–245. https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2011.03.02.
Yakubu, M. L., Yusop, Z., & Fulazzaky, M. A. (2014). The influence of rain intensity on raindrop diameter and the kinetics of tropical rainfall: A case study of Skudai, Malaysia. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 61, 944–951. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.934251.
Yamaguchi, T., Katata, G., Noguchi, I., Sakai, S., Watanabe, Y., Uematsu, M., & Furutani, H. (2015). Long-term observation of fog chemistry and estimation of fog water and nitrogen input via fog water deposition at a mountainous site in Hokkaido, Japan. Atmospheric Research, 151, 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.01.023.
Yasuda, N. (1994). Basic atmospheric science, Asakura Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp.37–54 (in Japanese).
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the Kanagawa University Grant for Joint Research and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP19H00955. We also acknowledge Afuri Shrine and Isehara city for offering sampling sites and the members of our research group for their cooperation in sample collection.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Y., Okochi, H. & Igawa, M. Characteristics of Fog and Fog Collection with Passive Collector at Mt. Oyama in Japan. Water Air Soil Pollut 232, 260 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05205-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05205-0